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Ramban on Exodus 34:11/רמב"ן על שמות ל״ד:י״א

אשְׁמָר לְךָ אֵת אֲשֶׁר אָנֹכִי מְצַוְּךָ הַיּוֹם לֹא אָמַר בְּכָל הַמִּצְוֹת שֶׁעָבְרוּ אָנֹכִי מְצַוְּךָ, וְעַל כֵּן נְפָרֵשׁ שֶׁיֹּאמַר, שְׁמֹר הַמִּצְוֹת שֶׁאָנֹכִי מְצַוְּךָ הַיּוֹם, וְלֹא תַּעֲשֶׂה בָּהֶן כַּאֲשֶׁר עָשִׂיתָ בַּמֶּה שֶׁצִּוִּיתִיךָ תְּחִלָּה שֶׁעָבַרְתָּ עַל הַכֹּל לַעֲבֹד ע"ז. וְהִבְטִיחַ לְגָרֵשׁ הָעַמִּים וְהִזְהִיר עַל ע"ז שֶׁלָּהֶם וְעַל בְּרִיתָם, כַּאֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה בַּפָּרָשָׁה "הִנֵּה אָנֹכִי שֹׁלֵחַ מַלְאָךְ לְפָנֶיךָ" (לעיל כג כ-לג), שֶׁיַּחְזְרוּ אֶל הַתְּנָאִים הָרִאשׁוֹנִים: וְהוֹסִיף בְּכָאן (שמות ל"ד:י"ז) "אֱלֹהֵי מַסֵּכָה לֹא תַעֲשֶׂה לָּךְ", שֶׁלֹּא יַעֲשׂוּ כַּאֲשֶׁר עָשׂוּ בָּעֵגֶל אֲפִלּוּ בְּמַחְשֶׁבֶת הַשָּׁמַיִם לַעֲשׂוֹת אוֹתוֹ תַּיָּר לִפְנֵיהֶם. וְהֶחְזִיר עִנְיַן שָׁלֹשׁ הָרְגָלִים לִרְאוֹת בָּהֶן אֶת פְּנֵי הָאָדֹן ה' אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל (שמות ל"ד:כ"ג), כַּאֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה שָׁם, וְהַטַּעַם יָדוּעַ, כִּי בָּא אַחַר אַזְהָרַת עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה, וּכְבָר פֵּרַשְׁתִּיו בְּסוֹף וַיִּשְׁמַע יִתְרוֹ (רמב"ן על שמות כ':כ"ב):

1OBSERVE THOU THAT WHICH I AM COMMANDING THEE THIS DAY. Of all the commandments mentioned previously He did not say I am commanding thee. Therefore we must explain the meaning of His words as follows: “Observe the commandments which I command you today, and do not treat them as you have treated those which I commanded you at first, when you violated everything by worshipping the idols.” Now He promised here to drive out from before them the peoples [of the Land], and He warned them against their idols and against making a covenant with them, just as He had done in the section of Behold, I send an angel before thee,⁵²⁰, 23:20. thus going over the first conditions again. However, He added here, Thou shalt make thee no molten gods,⁵²¹ meaning that they should not do as they had done with the calf, even if their thoughts are directed to Heaven, to make themselves a guide. He restated here the subject of the three festivals,⁵²², Verse 23. that they appear before the Eternal G-d, the G-d of Israel,⁵²², Verse 23. as He had mentioned it there.⁵²³ The reason [for the restatement] is known, since it comes after the admonition against idolatry. I have already explained it at the end of [Seder] Vayishma Yithro.⁵²⁴, 20:21.