Tanach · Rishonim on Tanach · Sforno · Torah

Sforno on Deuteronomy 23:20/ספורנו על דברים כ״ג:כ׳

אלֹא תַשִּׁיךְ לְאָחִיךָ. אַחַר שֶׁהִזְהִיר לְהִשָּׁמֵר מִן הַדְּבָרִים הַגּוֹרְמִים שֶׁתִּסְתַּלֵּק הַשְּׁכִינָה מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל, הִזְהִיר עַל מִינֵי חֶסֶד הַגּוֹרְמִים לְהַשְׁרוֹתָהּ בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל. וְהֵם עִנְיַן הָרִבִּית וְהַנְּדָרִים, אֲשֶׁר מֵהֶם הַצְּדָקָה שֶׁחַיָּב עָלֶיהָ לְאַלְתַּר, דְּהָא שְׁכִיחֵי עֲנִיִּים (ראש השנה ו.), וְעִנְיַן אֲכִילַת פּוֹעֵל (דברים כג:כה). וְעִנְיַן הַגֵּט (דברים כד:א) אֲשֶׁר אֵין רָאוּי שֶׁיִּנָּתֵן אֶלָּא בִּסְבַת עֶרְוַת דָּבָר, לְהָסִיר כָּל מִכְשׁוֹל מַמְזֵרוּת, לֹא בְּזוּלַת זֶה, כַּאֲמָרוֹ ״כִּי ה׳ הֵעִיד בֵּינְךָ וּבֵין אֵשֶׁת נְעוּרֶיךָ אֲשֶׁר אַתָּה בָּגַדְתָּ בָּהּ״ (מלאכי ב:יד). וְהַחֶסֶד לְאִשָּׁה חֲדָשָׁה, וְהוּא ״וְשִׂמַּח אֶת אִשְׁתּוֹ״ (דברים כד:ה). וְהַחֶסֶד ״לֹא יַחֲבֹל רֵחַיִם וָרֶכֶב״ (דברים כד:ו). וְהַשְּׁמִירָה מִמַּזִּיקֵי הָרַבִּים, וְהֵם גּוֹנְבֵי הַנְּפָשׁוֹת (דברים כד:ז) הַמְּצוּיִים לִגְנֹב קְטַנִּים. וְהַשְּׁמִירָה בְּעִנְיַן הַצָּרַעַת (דברים כד:ח) לְהוֹשִׁיב הַמְצֹרָעִים בָּדָד שֶׁלֹּא תַזִּיק צָרַעְתָּם בְּהִדָּבְקָם. וְהִשָּׁמֵר מֵהָרְכִילוּת וְהוֹצָאַת דִּבָּה (דברים כד:ט). וְהַחֶסֶד לַלֹּוֶה וְלַשָּׂכִיר וְלֶעָנִי בְּמִינֵי הָאֲסִיף (דברים כד:יט). וְהַחֶמְלָה עַל הַלֹּקֶה (דברים כה:ג) וְעַל הַבְּהֵמָה בַּדִּישָׁה (דברים כה:ד), וְעַל הַמֵּת בְּלִי זֶרַע שֶׁלֹּא יִמָּחֶה שְׁמוֹ (דברים כה:ה).
1לא תשיך לאחיך, after warning us concerning behaviour the result of which is G’d’s withdrawing His benevolent presence from the Jewish people, He cautions us concerning the acts of loving kindness which would ensure the continued presence of His Shechinah. Two major steps in that direction are: 1) not to charge a fellow Jew interest on a loan extended to him, 2) not to be tardy in discharging the obligations assumed when making a vow in favour of G’d. (verse 22) These include vows representing donations to charity which are due without delay, seeing that there is never a shortage of people in need who have to be supported by charity. Then there is the subject of what a labourer may eat when he is surrounded by fruit belonging to his employer, as well as the matter of divorce, something that must not be given to a woman unless she has been guilty of a serious misdemeanour, i.e. ערות דבר. (24,1) A major reason for granting a divorce is the effort to prevent bastards from being born. No other reason is considered as valid to divorce one’s wife, the prophet Maleachi 2,14 reminding people that at least G’d will testify against the husband who dealt treacherously with the wife he married in his youth and now abandoned. The loving kindness performed with a newly wed (betrothed) woman is that her husband is given a chance to fulfill the commandment of making his bride joyful during the first year of their marriage. (24,5). The prohibition against taking as a pledge, i.e. collateral for overdue debts, tools needed for the debtor to make his living, such as millstones is self-evident. (24,6) Precautions against potential hazards that could hurt many people, prohibition against kidnappers coupled with the death penalty is a preventive measure, i.e. an act of kindness designed to protect parents against their children becoming the victims of such “stealing.” The isolation of people afflicted with the skin disease known as tzoraat, is all too well known. It not only prods the victim to mend his asocial behaviour, but it protects society at the same time. Cautions against tale-bearing and other forms of abuse of the power of speech are acts of kindness in respect of the potential victims of such slander. Not muzzling an ox while he threshes, is a show of understanding for the ox’s feelings in helping to provide food for its owner while himself being denied that same food. Etc. Etc.