Midrash · Halachah
Sifrei Devarim 118/ספרי דברים קי״ח
א(דברים טו יא) כִּי לֹא יֶחְדַּל אֶבְיוֹן מִקֶּרֶב הָאָרֶץ, וּלְהַלָּן הוּא אוֹמֵר (דברים טו ד) ״אֶפֶס כִּי לֹא יִהְיֶה בְּךָ אֶבְיוֹן״. כֵּיצַד נִתְקַיְּמוּ שְׁנֵי כְתוּבִים הַלָּלוּ? בִּזְמַן שֶׁאַתֶּם עוֹשִׂים רְצוֹנוֹ שֶׁל מָקוֹם – אֶבְיוֹנִים בַּאֲחֵרִים, וּכְשֶׁאֵין אַתֶּם עוֹשִׂים רְצוֹנוֹ שֶׁל מָקוֹם – אֶבְיוֹנִים בָּכֶם.
1Pisqa’ 1183401. “For the pauper will never be gone from the midst of the Land” (Dt. 15:11).But elsewhere, He says:“Surely, there shall be no pauper among you” (Dt. 15:4).Now, how can these two verses be reconciled?The point is that when you fulfill the willof the All-Present,the pauper will be found among the others,but when you do not fulfill the willof the All-Present,the pauper will be found among you.341 114.1 for the same point.
בעַל כֵּן אָנֹכִי מְצַוְּךָ לֵאמֹר, ״עַל כֵּן״ – מִפְּנֵי כֵן. אָנֹכִי מְצַוְּךָ לֵאמֹר – עֵצָה טוֹבָה אֲנִי נוֹתֵן לְךָ מִטּוֹבָתְךָ.
2“Therefore I am commanding you, saying” (Dt. 15:11)—therefore implies “for this reason.”“I am commanding you, saying”—I’m giving you sound advice for your own good!
גפָּתוֹחַ תִּפְתַּח אֶת יָדְךָ לְאָחִיךָ לַעֲנִיֶּךָ וּלְאֶבְיוֹנְךָ, לָמָּה נֶאֶמְרוּ כֻלָּם? הָרָאוּי לִתֵּן לוֹ פַּת – נוֹתְנִים לוֹ פַּת. עִיסָּה – נוֹתְנִים לוֹ עִיסָּה. מָעָה – נוֹתְנִים לוֹ מָעָה. לְהַאֲכִילוֹ בְּתוֹךְ פִּיו – מַאֲכִילִים אוֹתוֹ בְּתוֹךְ פִּיו.
3“Open your hand wide to your brother, your pauper who is needy” (Dt. 15:11)—why are all these mentioned?Does he need bread? Give him bread!Dough? Give him dough!Money? Give him money!Someone to place food in his mouth?Place food in his mouth!342
ד(דברים טו יב) כִּי יִמָּכֵר לְךָ, מִנַּיִן כְּשֶׁאַתָּה קוֹנֶה לֹא תְּהֵא קוֹנֶה אֶלָּא עֶבֶד עִבְרִי? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר (שמות כא ב): ״כִּי תִקְנֶה עֶבֶד עִבְרִי״. מִנַּיִן כְּשֶׁהוּא נִמְכָּר, אֵינוֹ נִמְכָּר אֶלָּא לְךָ? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר (ויקרא כה לט): ״וְנִמְכַּר לָךְ״. מִנַּיִן כְּשֶׁבֵּית דִּין מוֹכְרִים אוֹתוֹ, אֵין מוֹכְרִים אוֹתוֹ אֶלָּא לְךָ? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: כִּי יִמָּכֵר לְךָ.
42. “If your Hebrew brother . . . is sold to you” (Dt. 15:12).How do I know thatwhen you acquire a slave,you should only acquire a Hebrew slave?The Teaching states:“When you acquire a Hebrew slave” (Ex. 21:2)How do I know thatwhen he is sold,he should be sold only to you?The Teaching states:“When your brother among you falls upon hard times, and he is sold to you” (Lv. 25:39).How do I know thatif the court sells him, they can only sell him to you?The Teaching states:“If . . . he is sold—to you” (Dt. 15:12).343 per. 7:1.
האָחִיךָ הָעִבְרִי אוֹ הָעִבְרִיָּה, יֵשׁ בָּעִבְרִי מַה שֶּׁאֵין בָּעִבְרִיָּה וּבָעִבְרִיָּה מַה שֶּׁאֵין בָּעִבְרִי. עִבְרִי יוֹצֵא בְּשָׁנִים וּבְיוֹבֵל וּבְגֵרְעוֹן כֶּסֶף, מַה שֶּׁאֵין כֵּן בָּעִבְרִיָּה. עִבְרִיָּה יוֹצְאָה בְּסִימָנִים, וְאֵינָהּ נִמְכֶּרֶת וְנִשְׁנֵית, וּמַפְדִּים אוֹתָהּ עַל כָּרְחָהּ, מַה שֶּׁאֵין כֵּן בָּעִבְרִי. הָא לְפִי שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּעִבְרִי מַה שֶּׁאֵין בָּעִבְרִיָּה, וּבָעִבְרִיָּה מַה שֶּׁאֵין בָּעִבְרִי צָרִיךְ לוֹמַר בָּעִבְרִי וְצָרִיךְ לוֹמַר בָּעִבְרִיָּה.
53. “Your Hebrew brother or Hebrew woman” (Dt. 15:12)—in some ways,[the rule for] a male Hebrew slave differsfrom [the rule for] a female Hebrew slave,and [the rule for]a female Hebrew slave differsfrom [the rule for] a male Hebrew slave.A male Hebrew is liberatedupon completion [of six] years of service,or at the Jubilee year,or by a pro-rated monetary payment—none of which applies to a female Hebrew slave.Yet a female Hebrew slaveis liberated at [the onset of] signs of sexual maturity,and cannot be re-sold to another owner [upon the death of the first],and they may buy her freedom against her will—none of which applies to a male Hebrew slave.344Indeed, since in some ways[the rule for] a male Hebrew slave differsFrom [the rule for] a female Hebrew slave,and [the rule for] a female Hebrew slave differsfrom [the rule for] a male Hebrew slave,[Scripture] must discuss a male Hebrew slave,and then must discuss a female Hebrew slave.345 138.2,
ווַעֲבָדְךָ שֵׁשׁ שָׁנִים – אַף אֶת הַבֵּן. יָכוֹל אַף אֶת הַיּוֹרֵשׁ? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר (שמות כא ב): ״שֵׁשׁ שָׁנִים יַעֲבֹד״ – מִי לְחָשְׁךָ לְהָבִיא אֶת הַבֵּן וּלְהוֹצִיא אֶת הַיּוֹרֵשׁ? מֵבִיא אֲנִי אֶת הַבֵּן, שֶׁכֵּן קָם תַּחַת אָבִיו לִיעִידָה וְלִשְׂדֵה אֲחֻזָּה, וּמוֹצִיא אֲנִי אֶת הַיּוֹרֵשׁ, שֶׁלֹּא קָם תַּחַת הָאָב לִיעִידָה וְלִשְׂדֵה אֲחֻזָּה.
64. “Then he shall serve you for six years” (Dt. 15:12)—[this applies] even to the [deceased owner’s] son.Is it possible to say that[shall serve you applies even to the owner’s heir?The Teaching states elsewhere:“Six years he must serve” (Ex. 21:2)—[excluding the deceased owner’s heir].Now, who inspired youto include the son, but to exclude the heir?I can include the son,for, indeed, he takes his [deceased] father’s placein exercising the right of [setting asidea slave-girl for] concubinage,and [in exercising the right] to redeeman ancestral field from its current owners.[It follows, therefore, thatthe Hebrew slave shall serve his deceased owner’s son as well]. Similarly, I can exclude the owner’s heir,for, indeed, he may not [as an heir]exercise the right of concubinage [like a son]or redeem an ancestral field [like a son].[Therefore, the heir he has no rights to inherited the Hebrew slave].346, par. 3.
זבָּרַח וְחָזַר, מִנַּיִן שֶׁמְּשַׁלֵּם לוֹ שָׁנָיו? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״שֵׁשׁ שָׁנִים יַעֲבֹד״. חָלָה וְנִתְרַפֵּא, יָכוֹל יַחֲזִיר לוֹ שְׂכַר בַּטָּלָתוֹ? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר (שמות כא ב): ״יֵצֵא לַחָפְשִׁי חִנָּם״.
75. If the Hebrew slave fled and returned—how do we know thathe must complete the remainderof his [six-year] term[by compensating his owner for the time he was idle]?The Teaching states:“Six years he must serve” (Ex. 21:2).If he became ill and recovered —is it possible to say thatthe slave must return to the ownerthe price of his idleness?The Teaching states:“He shall be set free, without encumbrance” 347 par. 2. (Ex. 21:2).