Tanach · Rishonim on Tanach · Ibn Ezra · Torah
Ibn Ezra on Deuteronomy 21:13/אבן עזרא על דברים כ״א:י״ג
אוהסירה את שמלת שביה. שמא בעבור יופי מלבושה חשק בה:
1AND SHE SHALL PUT THE RAIMENT OF HER CAPTIVITY FROM OFF HER. For he may have desired her because of her beautiful garments.
בובכתה. כדי להסיר שמחתו בה:
2AND BEWAIL. So that he is no longer happy with her.32
גירח ימים. אולי יקל חשקו וי״א וגלחה בעבור היותה טמאה וכן משפט המצורע:
3A FULL MONTH. Perhaps his desire will cool. Others say:33 SHE SHALL SHAVE HER HEAD. Because she is unclean.34 The law regarding the leper is similar.35
דועשתה. תיקון. ותקונה לכרות העודף וכן לא עשה שפמו ותחת מעשה מקשה והתיקון עיקר כל מעשה במקרא חוץ אם בא אחריו דבר מגונה גם יהיה רע שלם:
4AND PARE. Ve-asetah (and pare)36 means and fix. Its fixing consists in cutting off the excess.37 Compare, asah (trimmed)38 in nor trimmed his heard (II Sam. 19:25) and in And instead of curled hair (ma’aseh39 miksheh) baldness (Is. 3:24). The main meaning of the word ma’aseh (work) in Scripture is fixing,40 except for instances when something unseemly follows.41 (in doing that which was evil) (Deut. 9:18). However, even in the latter instance the reference might be to complete an evil deed.
הוהסירה את שמלת. כי היא מטונפת:
5AND SHE SHALL PUT THE RAIMENT OF HER CAPTIVITY FROM OFF HER. For it is filthy.42
ווישבה בביתך ובכתה. והטעם תשב בביתך ירח ימים לבכות:
6AND SHALL REMAIN IN THY HOUSE, AND BE WAIL…A FULL MONTH. This means she shall remain in your house a month to cry.43
זאת אביה ואת אמה. אם קרוב י״א כי זה הבכי על אביה ועל אמה שלא התיהדו ולפי דעתי שחייב כל אדם בשקול הדעת לכבד את אביו ואת אמו בחיים ובמות:
7HER FATHER AND HER MOTHER. If close by.44. 38 reads, if he (her captor) killed them. Some say that she bewails her father and mother because they did not convert to Judaism.45 However, I believe that reason teaches us that every person is obligated to honor his father and his mother while they live and also after their deaths.
חוטעם ובכתה. שתתאבל עליהם כמשפט ישראלית כי היא מתייהדת אם נהרגו כאשר נשבת ואין צריך להזכיר תרחץ כי היא צריכה למי נדה כי כבר נכתב אתם ושביכם:
8The meaning of and bewail… is, she shall mourn her parents if they were killed while she was taken captive in the same manner that an Israelite women mourns, for she is converting to Judaism. Scripture had no need to mention that she shall bathe,46, a pool of water which purifies the impure. All converts have to immerse themselves in a mikveh. for it is necessary for her to be purified by the waters of sprinkling,47. According to Rabbinic interpretation the reference is to a mikveh. as Scripture earlier states, ye and your captives (Num. 31:19).48
טוחז״ל אמרו עד שלשה חדשים ואע״פ שאין צורך לחזוק הנה העד ויהי כמשלש חדשים והוא הזמן שיחל הולד להתנועע ואסור לשכב עם אשה בספק אם היא הרה בעבור הולד כי יש מי שיולד בחסרון שנים חדשים כמנהג ג״כ ביתרון רק הוא המעט:
9[AND AFTER THAT THOU MAYEST GO INTO HER, AND BE HER HUSBAND.] Our rabbis, of blessed memory, said that he has to wait three months.49 on this verse. Even though the words of our sages need no support50 I offer the following as proof, And it came to pass about three months after (Gen. 38:24).51 The latter is the time when the fetus begins to move. It is prohibited to have sexual relations with a women when one is in doubt as to whether she is pregnant or not, because of the uncertain paternity of the fetus; for some women give birth two months short of the normal term.52 Others give birth later than the normal term.53 However, the latter rarely occurs.54
יירח ימים. כמו חדש ימים וכבר פירשתיו ונקרא החדש ירח כי עקרו הירח:
10A FULL MONTH. Yerach yamim (a full month) is similar to chodesh yamim (a whole month) (Num. 11:21).55 I have explained this previously.56. See I.E. on Gen. 4:4 (Vol. 1, p. 81). According to I.E., chodesh yamim refers to a complete cycle of the month. A month is called a yerach57 means a moon. because the moon is its basis.