Tanach · Rishonim on Tanach · Ibn Ezra · Torah
Ibn Ezra on Exodus 34/אבן עזרא על שמות ל״ד
אויאמר, פסל לך. כמו לך לך (ברא' יב א) ואתה קח לך (למעלה ל כג):
1AND THE LORD SAID UNTO MOSES: HEW THEE. Pesal lekha (hew thee)1 (thee) appears to be unnecessary. Hence I.E. points out that Scripture occasionally uses this form. According to Weiser lekha is used for purposes of emphasis. is similar to lekh lekha (get thee out) (Gen. 12:1) and ve-attah kach lekha (take thou also unto thee) (Ex. 30:23).
בוטעם כראשונים. כמדתם אמר הגאון כי השניים נכבדים מהראשונים, כי השניים נתנו ביום קדש וביוהכ"פ ולא כן הראשונים, כי הם ירדו ביום י"ז בתמוז וביום חול, ויש עם השניים זכר שלש בריתות ובשניים כתיב למען ייטב לך (דבר' ה טז) והראשונים נשתברו, ואלה כדברי חלום לא מעלין ולא מורידין, כי מכתב אלהים היו שניהם, ועוד כי הראשונים היו מעשה אלהים והשניים מעשה משה:
2[LIKE UNTO THE FIRST.] The same size as the first. Saadiah Gaon says that the second tablets were more precious than the first, for the second tablets were given on a holy day, on the Day of Atonement. This was not the case with the first tablets. The first tablets descended2 on the seventeenth day of Tamuz,3 4:6. on a weekday. Furthermore, three covenants are mentioned with regard to the second tablets;4 (v. 10); I have made a covenant with thee and with Israel (v. 27); And he wrote upon the tables the words of the covenant (v. 28). and that it may go well with thee (Deut. 5:16) was inscribed on the second tablets;5 and the first tablets were broken. Now these things6 are similar to that which is seen in a dream.7 They neither help nor hinder.8 52a; San. 30a, Divre chalomot lo ma’alin ve-lo moridin (that which is seen in a dream neither helps nor hinders). Both tablets had God’s writing on them.9 Furthermore, the first tablets were the work of God whereas the second tablets were the work of Moses.10
אוהיה נכון לבקר ועלית. זאת היא הפעם השלישית שבכל פעם ישב ארבעים יום וארבעים לילה:
1AND BE READY BY THE MORNING, AND COME UP. This is the third time,11 and each time Moses stayed on the mountain for forty days and forty nights.12
אואיש. בעבור שעלה אהרן ובניו עמו אחר מעמד הר סיני וירד עמהם, גם עלה ועמד שם הפעם הראשונה:
1AND NO MAN SHALL COME UP WITH THEE. Scripture states, And no man shall come up with thee, because Aaron and his sons ascended and descended the mountain with Moses after God revealed himself to Israel.13 Aaron also ascended the mountain with Moses before God’s revelation.14
בבכל ההר. אף על פי שיהיה רחוק ממקום הכבוד:
2THROUGHOUT ALL THE MOUNT. Even somewhere far removed from the place of God’s glory.
אויפסל. מנהג הלשון לדבר ככה לאמר ויקח בידו שני לוחות אבנים, ולא אמר ויקח בידו שני הלוחות, כמו וד' המטיר על סדום ועל עמורה גפרית ואש מאת ד' (ברא', יט כד) ולא אמר מאתו, וככה בפסוק אחד בני ישראל חמש פעמים והנה הוא דרך צחות:
1AND HE HEWED TWO TABLES OF STONE…AND TOOK IN HIS HAND TWO TABLES OF STONE. It is Hebrew style to speak thus and say, and took in his hand two tables of stone.15 The verse does not say, and took in his hand the two tables.16 Our verse is similar to Then the Lord caused to rain upon Sodom and upon Gomorrah brimstone and fire from the Lord (Gen. 19:24).17 appears to be redundant. Scripture does not say, “from Himself.”18. We similarly find Scripture using the phrase the children of Israel five times in one verse.19 It is elegant to write thus.20
אוירד. י"א כי ויתיצב על הענן כי השם היה עובר ודע כי המשיל בהר העליונים והנכבדים מהגופות כאשר הוא ההר עליון על האדמה:
1AND THE LORD DESCENDED. Some say that and stood refers to the cloud,21 for God was passing by.22 Note that the mountain symbolizes23 (he compared). Others render, he gave dominion. See Meijler and Krinsky. the celestial angels who are on a higher level than human beings, as the mountain is higher than the ground.24
בויקרא בשם ד'. הנה השם הוא הקורא והנה למדנו איך יקרא משה:
2AND PROCLAIMED THE NAME OF THE LORD. Note, it was the Lord who was proclaiming.25 God thus taught Moses how to proclaim26 (he taught him), as in Vat. Ebr. 38 rather than lamadnu (we learn), as in the printed texts. See next note. the name of the Lord.27 38. The printed texts read: We thus learn how Moses proclaimed the name of the Lord.
אויעבור. ואל תתמה בעבור שהשם קורא השם, כי הוא לבדו יודע ודעת וידוע וזה דבר עמוק הוא מאוד אמר הגאון כי השם הראשון דבק עם ויקרא, ואלו היה כן למה לא דבקו בעל הטעמים והנכון כי השם שתי פעמים כמו אברהם אברהם, יעקב יעקב, משה משה ככה תקרא וכתוב כי שלש עשרה מדות הם, והגאון אמר כי השם הנכבד במספר אם כן אינו מדה והשנית שהוא אדון וזאת טעות, כי הנכתב אינו אדון רק כנוי הוא כפי המדבר דרך כבוד ורב נסים אמר, כי מלת ארך אפים שתי מדות לטובים ולרעים, גם זה איננו נכון, כי לא תוסיף המדה בעבור שנוי האדם ועוד כי השם הוא ארך אפים לרשעים, ולא לאשר לא חטאו, והנה ונקה מדה בפני עצמה, עד הנה מספר י"ג מדות, ועל דרך הפשט, ונקה לא ינקה מדה אחת, כי ונקה שם הפעל הוא, כמו אם ענה תענה אותו (למעלה כב כב) רק למדנו ממלת ונקה לא ינקה שהוא לשובבים רק לשבים ינקה כדברי הנביאים על כן הושמה מלת ונקה ממספר המדות: ומלת פקד עון אבות. גם היא מדת רחמים, ודע כי שבעה הם בגדי כהונה, ובעבור שהציץ כמו תכשיט הכניסו במספר, והנה אחד עשר שבטים נולדו בפדן ארם, ובנימין לבדו נולד בארץ כנען, והנה כתוב על כולם אלה בני יעקב אשר יולד לו בפדן ארם (ברא' לה כו), כי אחר הרבים הלך ולא חש להציל האחד, וככה בשבעים נפש ירדו אבותיך מצרימה (דבר' י כב) ומנשה ואפרים לא ירדו כי שם נולדו, והנה השם הנכבד הכניסוהו במדות והוא שם העצם וכבר הזכרתי בפ' ואלה שמות כי פעמים הוא שם התואר, ופעמים מדה, והם שתים:
1AND THE LORD PASSED BY. Do not be amazed that the Lord called out, “the Lord,” for God alone is the knower, the content of his thought, and the object of his thought.28, because He and what He knows, in this case the Lord, are one and the same. This is a very difficult concept.29 towards explaining this concept. See p. 163 of Shlomo Pines’ translation. Saadiah Gaon says that the first Lord30. is connected to and proclaimed.31 Now if this is so, then why didn’t the master of the cantillical notes32 connect them?33 (and proclaimed) to the preceding word, panav. It does not connect it to Adonai, which follows. Actually, Scripture repeats the Lord’s name twice in our verse in the same manner that it repeats Abraham’s name in Abraham, Abraham (Gen. 22:11); Jacob’s name in Jacob, Jacob (Gen. 46:2); Moses’ name in Moses, Moses (Ex. 3:4).34 Our verse is to be similarly read.35 It is written36 that there are thirteen attributes.37 17b. Saadiah Gaon said that the Lord’s glorious name38 is included in the number. If so, then it is not an attribute.39 He also says that the second time the divine name40. is mentioned, it means Lord.41. Saadiah interprets this as, and YHVH proclaimed Adonai (Lord). According to Saadiah Gaon, YHVH YHVH (The Lord, the Lord) counts as two attributes. However, this is an error, for our verse does not read “Lord.”42. See note 41. The term Lord is an honorific substitute used by the reader.43, he reads it as Adonai (Lord). Rabbi Nissim says that the phrase long-suffering44. is really two attributes. God is long-suffering to the good and God is long-suffering to the bad. This too is incorrect, for an attribute is not to be added because of a change of persona.45 Furthermore, God is long-suffering to the wicked,46 not to the ones who have not sinned against Him.47 Observe. Ve-nakkeh (clear) is an attribute unto itself.48 (and that will by no means clear the guilty), which literally means clear, He shall not clear. Now “clear” is an attribute of mercy. He shall not clear is not an attribute of mercy. Hence the rabbis separated the two. See next note. The thirteen attributes end here.49. Hence this comment may be taken as a general statement. According to the plain meaning of the text, ve-nakkeh lo yenakkeh50 (and that will by no means clear the guilty) (v. 7) is one attribute,51 as referring to two attributes. See Yoma 86a, which interprets ve-nakkeh as referring to those who repent and lo yenakkeh to those who do not repent. for ve-nakkeh (clear) is an infinitive.52 It is similar to anneh (afflict) in anneh53 is an infinitive. te’anneh oto54 (if thou afflict them in any wise) (Ex. 22:22). Ve-nakkeh lo yenakkeh teaches that God will by no means clear the rebellious. God forgives only those who repent, as the prophets teach.55 (and that will by no means clear the guilty) must apply only to those who do not repent. The word ve-nakkeh was therefore counted as one of the thirteen attributes.56 is short for ve-nakkeh lo yenakkeh. The phrase poked avon avot (visiting the iniquity of the fathers) (v. 7) is also an attribute of mercy.57; i.e., God does not clear the wicked, but he visits their sins on their children if their children are evil. So Filwarg. Filwarg interprets thus because I.E. considers ve-nakkeh as the last of the 13 attributes. Note that there are seven priestly garments.58 However, the plate59, the plate worn on the forehead of the high priest. See Ex. 28:36-38. was counted among the priestly garments60 because it is similar to an ornament. Look. Eleven tribes61 were born in Paddan-aram. Benjamin alone was born in the land of Canaan.62 However, Scripture writes concerning all of them, These are the sons of Jacob, that were born to him in Paddan-aram (Gen. 35:26). It does so because Scripture speaks of the majority.63 It is not concerned with excluding the one exception.64 Scripture similarly states, Thy fathers went down into Egypt with threescore and ten persons (Deut. 10:22). However, Manasseh and Ephraim65 did not descend to Egypt, for they were born there.66 Now, they included the Lord’s revered name among the attributes even though it is a proper name.67 I have already mentioned in the Torah portion Ve-Ellah Shemot that the name YHVH (Lord) is at times an adjective68 and at times an attribute.69 38 reads: “The name YHVH is at times an adjective, that is, an attribute.” This reading is superior to the ones in the printed texts. The Lord, the Lord (YHVH YHVH) are two attributes.
בומלת אל. שלישית:
2[GOD.] The word El (God) is the third attribute.
גרחום. רביעית:
3MERCIFUL. Rachum (merciful) is the fourth attribute.
דוחנון. חמישית:
4AND GRACIOUS. Chanun (gracious) is the fifth attribute.
הארך אפים. ששית:
5LONG-SUFFERING. Erekh appayim (long-suffering) is the sixth attribute.
וורב חסד. שביעית:
6AND ABUNDANT IN GOODNESS. Rav chesed (abundant in goodness) is the seventh attribute. The word rav (abundant) is also connected to the word emet (truth).70 (and abundant in goodness and truth). According to I.E. this should be read as if written, and abundant in goodness, and abundant in truth.
זומלת רב. תשרת בעבור אחרת: ורב אמת. שמינית:
7TRUTH. Rav emet (abundant in truth) is the eighth attribute.
חנוצר חסד לאלפים. תשיעית:
8KEEPING MERCY UNTO THE THOUSANDTH GENERATION. Notzer chesed la-alafim (keeping mercy unto the thousandth generation) is the ninth attribute.
טנושא עון. עשירית:
9FORGIVING INIQUITY. Nose avon (forgiving iniquity) is the tenth attribute.
יונושא פשע. אחת עשרה:
10TRANSGRESSION. Nose pesha (forgiving transgression) is the eleventh attribute.71 (forgiving iniquity and transgression and sin). I.E. believes that this should be interpreted as if written, forgiving iniquity, forgiving transgression, and forgiving sin.
יאונושא חטאה. שתים עשרה:
11SIN. Nose chatta’ah (forgiving sin) is the twelfth attribute.
יבונקה. שלש עשרה:
12CLEAR. Ve-nakkeh (and clear) is the thirteenth attribute.
יגוהשם שהוא תאר כולל הנכבדים והגויות ועליונים ושפלים:
13[THE LORD.]72 The name of the Lord, when an adjective, includes angels73 and humans, those above and those below.74
ידואל. כמו תקיף שיעשה הנכון בחכמה:
14GOD. The term El (God) means powerful. He wisely does that which is proper.
טוורחום. כדרך כרחם אב על בנים (תה' קג יג) שישמרם שלא יפלו:
15MERCIFUL. As in Like as a father hath mercy75 upon his children (Ps. 103:13). He watches over them so that they do not fall.
טזוחנון. כדרך כי חנון אני (למעלה כב כו) להושיע מי שנפל ולא יוכל קום:
16GRACIOUS. As in for I am gracious (Ex. 22:26), to save the one who falls and is unable to rise.76 (gracious) to mean compassionate.
יזארך אפים. שלא יכעוס מהרה על הרשע:
17LONG-SUFFERING. He does not become quickly angry at the wicked.
יחורב חסד. לצדיק ולרשע:
18AND ABUNDANT IN GOODNESS. To the righteous and the wicked.
יטורב אמת. שימלא ויקיים דברו:
19ABUNDANT IN TRUTH. He fulfills and keeps His word.
אנוצר חסד, האב לבנים אם היו טובים:
1KEEPING MERCY. Keeping the mercy of a father77 to his children, provided that the children are righteous.
בנושא עון. שים לבך לדברי, הנה כתיב וחזקת והיית לאיש (מ"א ב ב), והלא איש היה, רק טעמו איש חיל ונודע, והנה כתיב כי זקנתי מהיות לאיש (רות א יב) והפירוש מהיות בעולם או אשה לאיש כי נקבה היתה, והנה ואבואה אליה (ברא' כט כא) הוא המשכב כי נקבה היא, והנה אשר באו אליך הלילה (שם יט ה) אינו מזה הטעם, כי זכר הוא, וככה החוטא ונשא עונו (ויקרא ה א) לא יכופר החטא לו רק העונש שיבא עליו, על דרך ולצת לבדך תשא (משלי ט יב) ועתה שא נא חטאתי (למעלה י יז) כי משה צדיק היה, והכלל כי הנושא עונו בעצמו הוא לגנאי לעולם, ונשיאת חטא על שני דרכים, הדרך האחת שימחול לו כמו זה שהוא לשבח לנשוא העון, והדרך האחרת שיהיה נושא העון אחד רשע והנה לנושא העון יהיה לגנאי ולנשוא העון לשבח, כמו ונשא את עונה (במד' ל טז) כי העונש יסור מעליה ויהיה עליו:
2FORGIVING INIQUITY. Pay attention to what I am about to say.78 (forgiving iniquity). However, Scripture often refers to sinners as being nose avon (bearing iniquity) (Lev. 5:1). I.E. thus points out that the same term may have two meanings. Look. Scripture writes, be thou strong therefore, and be to a man79. (I Kings 2:2).80 But was he81 not a man? Its meaning82. can only be, be a famous man of valor. However, Scripture writes, for I83 am too old to be to a man84. (Ruth 1:12).85 Its meaning is, I am too old to be sexually approached by a man,86. So Vat. Ebr. 38. Some printed editions read, ba-olam (in the world). This reading is incomprehensible. or, I am too old to be a woman to a man, for the speaker87 was a female.88, or, mi-heyot le-ish) can mean, be a famous man or to be sexually approached by a man. We thus see that the same term can have two meanings. Behold. That I89may come90. into her91 (Gen 34:21)92 refers to sexual intercourse, for Rachel was a female.93 However, that came94. in to thee this night95 (Gen. 19:5) does not have the same meaning, for Lot was a man.96 Now Scripture tells us that one who sins shall bear his iniquity (ve-nasa avono) (Lev. 5:1); that is, his sin shall not be forgiven except by the punishment which shall befall him. Ve-nasa (shall bear)97 has the same meaning as tissa (shalt bear it) in And if thou scornest, thou alone shalt bear it (Prov. 9:12). However, Pharaoh said, Now therefore forgive (sa),98 and nasa come from the same root, nun, sin, alef. I pray thee, my sin only this once (Ex. 10:17), because Moses was a righteous person.99 does not mean bear my sin. It means forgive my sin. We thus see that nasa means both to bear and to forgive. The general rule is that Scripture is always expressing approbation when it tells us that someone bears his own sin. The term nasa is used in two ways in reference to sin. One, God will forgive the sinner. In this case it is for the benefit of the one whose sin is forgiven.100 (forgiving iniquity) in our verse has a positive connotation. The second way in which this verb is used is to inform us that some evil person shall bear his sin.101 Now this term102. has a negative connotation for the one who must bear his sin, but it has a positive connotation for the one whose sin is forgiven, as in then he103 shall bear (ve-nasa) her iniquity (Num. 30:16), for the sin will be removed from her104 and be upon him.105
גונושא פשע. דע כי פשע קשה מעון, כאילו הוא הפושע יוצא מתחת הרשות, כמו אז תפשע אדום מתחת יד יהודה (מ"ב ח כב), והנה עון פחות ממנו, והוא בזדון:
3FORGIVING…TRANSGRESSION. Note that pesha (transgression) is a more serious violation than avon (iniquity), for the transgressor removes himself, as it were, from the authority of God.106 Compare, tifsha (revolted)107 comes from the same root as pesha. in then Edom revolted from under the hand of Judah (II Kings 8:22).108 Now avon (iniquity) is less of a violation than pesha (transgression). It109. refers to a deliberate violation of God’s command.
דומלת חטאה כמו חטאת, והוא שם דבר ואיננה כמו הממלכה החטאה (עמוס ט ח) כי היא תאר, ומלת חטאה כוללת כל מחשבה וכל שגגה במעשה, כי עון במעשה או בלשון, והנה הסתכלנו תפלת משה על דבר המרגלים, ויאמר ד' שהוא שם העצם והמדות תהיינה עליו נאמרות ולא הזכיר השם השני שהוא תאר, כי השם רצה להשמיד, ולא אל. כי אין צורך להזכיר המדה הזאת, ולא רחום. כי ישראל לא היו פתאים, ולא חנון. כי לא נעשה להם חמס שיצעקו אל השם להושיעם, והזכיר ארך אפים. כי היו רשעים, ורב חסד. לכל הוא ולא הזכיר ואמת כי היו חייבים, והזכיר נושא עון ופשע. ולא הזכיר וחטאה, כי לא היו שוגגים, ומרוב הענוה שהיתה במשה הכניס נפשו עם ישראל לאמר וסלחת לעונינו ולחטאתינו, ולא הזכיר פשעינו בעבור גודל מעלתו שלא יתכן שיפשע:
4[SIN.] The word chatta’ah means sin.110. Hence I.E.’s comment. Chatta’ah is a noun. It is not like the word chatta’ah (sinful) in ha-mamlakha111. ha-chatta’ah (the sinful kingdom) (Amos 9:8), for the word chatta’ah in the latter is an adjective. The word chatta’ah (sin) takes in all sins committed in thought112 and in error; avon relates to violations of the law committed verbally or in deed. Now we looked at the prayer which Moses offered because of the incident of the spies.113 Moses pronounced the name of the Lord.114 (YHVH) is slow to anger, and plenteous in lovingkindness, forgiving iniquity and transgression, and that will by no means clear the guilty. The latter is a noun. The attributes which follow were stated with regard to this name.115 describe the noun Lord. Moses did not mention the Lord’s name a second time;116, as it does here. that is, he did not mention the adjectival name of the Lord117 is an adjective. because the Lord wanted to destroy Israel.118 Moses did not mention El (God)119 because there was no reason to mention this attribute.120 (God) means powerful. There was no reason to mention God’s power when begging Him not to destroy Israel. He also did not mention rachum (merciful)121 because the Israelites were not simpletons.122 Moses did not mention channun (gracious)123 because no one oppressed Israel and they had no need to cry to God for help.124 Moses mentioned erekh appayim (slow to anger)125 because they were wicked. Moses noted126 that God is plenteous in lovingkindness (ve-rav emet). Its meaning is that God is plenteous in lovingkindness to all.127 Moses did not mention emet (truth)128 because they were guilty.129 Moses mentioned130 that God forgives avon (iniquity) and pesha (transgression). He omitted chatta’ah (sin) because Israel did not err.131 refers to sins committed in error. Moses132 included himself among the Israelites and said, and pardon our iniquity (avonenu) and our sin (chattatenu) (v. 9) because of his great humility. Moses did not add the phrase pesha’enu (our transgression) because of his great saintliness, for Moses would not rebel.133 (transgression) refers to rebellion.
אוימהר. ריקי מוח אמרו כי מהר משה כאשר הזכיר רבעים שלא יאמר חמשים, וזאת טעות גדולה כי אין הדעת סובלת שיפסוק הוא דברי השם בעוד שהיה מדבר, כי היה בן מות לשעתו רק כאשר נפסק הקול מיד מהר משה להתפלל ועוד כי הנה כתוב כן בעשרת הדברות והנה כל ישראל שמעו זה, ואיך יעלה על לב משה שיאמר הקב"ה וחמשים, ובעבור שהזכיר ונקה לא ינקה לא הוצרך לומר לשונאיו:
1AND MOSES MADE HASTE. Those whose heads are empty say that when God said, and unto the fourth generation (v. 7) Moses hastened134. lest the Lord add, and unto the fifth generation. This is a great error. The mind rebels against the thought that Moses would interrupt the Lord while He was speaking, for if Moses acted in this manner he would have immediately incurred the death penalty. It was only after the voice ceased135 that Moses hastened to pray. Furthermore, the Decalogue reads the same.136 Now all of Israel heard this.137. How then could Moses even think that God would add, unto the fifth generation. There was no need to add “of them that hate Me”138, as the Decalogue does. See Ex. 20:5. because He mentions, and that will by no means clear the guilty.139 means that God will punish the children of the wicked if they follow in their father’s footsteps.
בומלת ויקד. מבעלי הכפל מגזרת קדקד ששם קדקדו בארץ על משקל ויתם הכסף (ברא' מז טו), וַיִקְדו (למעלה ד לא) כמו וַיִתמו (דבר' לד ח) ואל תשמע אל המוסיפין שרשים מלבם בעבור המשקל ועל זה הדרך ידמו כאבן (למעלה טו טז):
2[AND BOWED.] The word va-yikkod comes from a double root.140. It is related to the word kadkod (skull). Moses placed his skull on the ground. Va-yikkod follows the paradigm of va-yittom (spent)141 is tav, mem, mem. The last mem is dropped in va-yittom. The same is true of the final mem of the root of va-yikkod. Furthermore, va-yikkod has the same vocalization as va-yittom. in and when the money was all spent (Gen. 47:15). Similarly va-yikkedu (then they bowed their heads) (Ex. 4:31) is similar to va-yittemu (were ended) (Deut. 34:8).142 Pay no heed to those who add roots because of a word’s form.143 is vocalized like a word whose first letter is a nun. Compare, va-yippol from the root nun, peh, lamed. Some commentators therefore concluded that va-yikkod comes from a root beginning with a nun; i.e., va-yikkod comes from the root nun, kof, dalet and yiddemu from the root nun, dalet, mem. Hence I.E.’s comment. See I.E. on Ex. 4:31. The word yiddemu (they are still) in they are as still as a stone (Ex. 15:16) should be understood in this manner.144 comes from the root dalet, mem, mem. It does not come from the root nun, dalet, mem.
אויאמר, טעם ילך נא ד' בקרבנו. כאשר יסעו, כמו והתהלכתי בתוככם (ויקרא כו יב):
1AND HE SAID. The meaning of let the Lord, I pray Thee, go in the midst of us is, when we journey,145 is, let the Lord, I pray Thee, go in the midst of us in all of our journeys; i.e., may God always be with us. as in And I will walk among you (Lev. 26:12).146 is, I will be with you even when you are in exile. See I.E. on Lev. 26:11.
בכי עם קשה עורף. על דעת רבי מרינוס אעפ"י שעם קשה עורף הוא, וכן רפאה נפשי כי חטאתי לך (תה' מא ה) אעפ"י שחטאתי לך, ולפי דעתי רפאני כי אני מודה שחטאתי לך, ובעבור חטאי החליתני, וככה זה, אני מודה כי עם קשה עורף הוא ואתה תסלח:
2FOR IT IS A STIFF NECKED PEOPLE. According to Rabbi Merinus, ki am kesheh oref hu (for it is a stiffnecked people) should be rendered, even though it is a stiffnecked people.147 here has the meaning of even though. The word ki usually has the meaning of because. However, let the Lord, I pray Thee, go in the midst of us; for it is a stiff necked people makes no sense. Hence Rabbi Marinus’ comment. Similarly, refa’ah nafshi ki chatati lakh (heal my soul; for I have sinned against Thee) (Ps. 41:5) should be rendered, heal my soul; even though I have sinned against Thee.148 makes no sense. Hence his comment. However, I believe that the meaning of refa’ah nafshi ki chatati lakh is, heal my soul because I confess149 (for) is to be interpreted, for I confess. that I have sinned against Thee and I have become ill because of my sins. The meaning of our verse similarly is: I confess that it is a stiff necked people but pardon150. [our iniquity and our sin].151
אויאמר הנה אנכי כרת ברית. וזהו כי עפ"י הדברים האלה כרתי אתך ברית (פ' כז) והם התנאים הכתובים מתחלת שמר לך (פ' יא) ובעבור זה אכתוב לך הלוחות השניים, ויהיה כשטר עדות וכל זה שסלחתי לעונם היה בעבור כבודך, על כן אעשה עמך נפלאות שיתמהו כל רואיך, וידעו כי נתתי הוד עליך שלא עשיתי כן מיום שבראתי שמים וארץ, וזהו דבר קרינות פניו, והנה כתוב במותו לא כהתה עינו ולא נס לחה (דבר' לד ז) הפך תולדות כל הזקנים:
1AND HE SAID: BEHOLD, I MAKE A COVENANT. This is what for after the tenor of these words I have made a covenant with thee and with Israel (v. 27) refers to. The reference is to the conditions starting from Observe thou (v. 11). It is because of this152 that I will write a second pair of tablets. The latter shall serve as a document of witness. All of this, namely, that I have forgiven their sin, was because of your honor. I will therefore do marvels for you so that all who see you will marvel, and know that I have placed My glory upon you. The aforementioned is something that I have not wrought since the day that I created heaven and earth.153. The reference is to the shining of Moses’ face. Observe. Scripture writes that at the time of Moses’ death, unlike the nature of all old people, his eye was not dim, nor his natural force abated (Deut. 34:7).
בוטעם אשר לא נבראו בכל הארץ. לא נשמע זה בגוים, והגאון אמר אשר לא נבראו כן בכל ארץ מצרים שיצאתם משם, ובכל הגוים:
2[SUCH AS HAVE NOT BEEN WROUGHT IN ALL THE EARTH, NOR IN ANY NATION.] Its meaning is, such a thing has been unheard of among the nations. Rabbi Saadiah Gaon explains it as follows: such a thing has not been wrought in the land of Egypt,154 (the earth) to mean the land. He interprets it as referring to the land of Egypt. from which you exited, or among any of the other nations.
אשמר לך. לפי דעתי עם משה ידבר שישמור אלה הדברים ויספרם כן לבני ישראל על דרך שמרו עדותיו וחוק נתן למו (תה' צט ז) כאשר פירשתי במקומו:
1OBSERVE THOU. I believe that the Lord is addressing Moses.155 God is telling Moses to keep these things156 (shameru) His testimonies (Ps. 99:7) to mean Moses and Aaron transmitted the exact contents of God’s testimonies. They did not add or diminish anything from God’s dictum. See I.E. on Ps. 99:7. and to then relate them to the children of Israel. Shemor (observe) is to be taken in the sense of shameru (kept) in They157kept His testimonies, and the statute that He gave them (Ps. 99:7), in accordance with the way I have explained it in its place.158
בותחלת הפרשה שתאמר להם הנני גרש מפניך, וזאת הפרשה דומה לפרשת הנה אנכי שולח מלאך (למעלה כג כ) עם הפרשה שהיא למעלה:
2[BEHOLD, I AM DRIVING OUT BEFORE THEE.] Your opening words to Israel shall be,159 in the sense of transmit precisely, he explains our verse as follows: transmit precisely that which I am commanding you this day. First tell Israel, behold, I am driving out before thee, etc. behold I am driving out before thee. 160 This section161 is similar to Behold, I send an angel before thee (Ex. 23:20)162. and the section which precedes it (Ex. 23:12-19).163
גומלת גרש. מהבנין הקל והוא פועל יוצא וככה אלמנה וגרושה (ויקרא כא יד):
3[I AM DRIVING OUT.] The word goresh (I am driving out) is a transitive verb in the kal. It is the same case with the word gerushah (one divorced) in A widow, or one divorced (Lev. 21:14).
אהשמר לך. הנה זה כמו לא תשתחוה לאלהיהם (למעלה כג כד):
1TAKE HEED TO THYSELF. This verse is similar to Thou shalt not bow down to their gods (Ex. 23:24).164
אכי את מזבחתם. כמו כי הרס תהרסם (שם):
1BUT YE SHALL BREAK DOWN THEIR ALTARS. This is similar to but thou shalt utterly overthrow them (Ibid.).165
אוהזכיר אל קנא. ככתוב בעשרת הדברים:
1[A JEALOUS GOD.] Scripture mentions a jealous God here as it does in the Decalogue.166
אפן תכרת. כמו לא תכרות להם ולאלהיהם ברית (למעלה כג לב) והוסיף לפרש פן תכרות ברית וזנו בנותיו:
1LEST THOU MAKE A COVENANT. This is similar to Thou shalt make no covenant with them, nor with their gods (Ex. 23:32).167 Our verse adds, lest thou make a covenant…and their daughters go astray168 as an explanation.
אוטעם אלהי מסכה. ומלת אלהי הגוים כוללת בעבור עגל מסכה:
1[MOLTEN GODS.] The phrase “the gods of the nations” takes in all idol worship.169. Scripture thus prohibits worshipping the gods of the nations. Now the term gods includes all gods. The question thus arises: Why does the earlier section speak of gods and our section of molten gods? The reason our verse reads molten gods is because of the golden calf.
אוהזכיר את חג המצות. כאשר הזכירה בפרשה העליונה בעבור שהזכיר כי בו יצאת ממצרים והנה חג המצות לזכר, הזכיר דבר פטר חמור שגם הוא זכר ליציאת מצרים, כמו בפסוק ובקוצרכם (ויקרא כג כב) שהזכיר עם חג הקציר וככה הזכיר זה בפרשת קדושים תהיו, ובעבור זה כל פטר רחם לי:
1[THE FEAST OF UNLEAVENED BREAD.] Scripture mentions the feast of unleavened bread here as it does in an earlier chapter.170 Look. The feast of unleavened bread serves as a memorial, for Scripture states, for in it thou camest out from Egypt (Ex. 23:15). It is because of this that Scripture mentions the law dealing with the firstling of an ass (v. 20), which is also in memory of the Exodus from Egypt.171 We similarly find Scripture mentioning laws pertaining to the harvest172 along with the harvest festival,173 namely, And when ye reap the harvest of your land, thou shalt not reap the corner of thy field, etc. (Lev. 23:22). It similarly mentions the laws pertaining to the harvest in the Torah portion Kedoshim Teheyu.174 It is because Passover recalls the Exodus that Scripture mentions, All that openeth the womb is Mine (v. 19).175
אומלת מקנך. בא במקום הזה על לשון נקבה ושמות רבים ככה על לשון זכר גם לשון נקבה:
1[THY CATTLE.] The word miknekha (thy cattle) is a feminine here.176 (thou shalt sanctify as males) which governs miknekha is a feminine. (I.E. interprets tizachar as meaning, its males shall be sanctified). Hence miknekha must be a feminine. However, elsewhere miknekha is a masculine. Compare mikneh rav (a great multitude of cattle). There are many other nouns that are both masculine and feminine.177
אששת ימים. ככה כתוב בראשונה:
1SIX DAYS THOU SHALT WORK. Scripture earlier reads similarly.178
בוטעם בחריש ובקציר. שהם עיקר חיי האדם, אמר ענן ימחה שמו כענן כי זה על משכב האשה והלא תכסהו בושה, כי אם אמרנו כי ביד הגבר החריש, הלא במלת קציר יחריש:
2[IN PLOWING TIME AND IN HARVEST THOU SHALT REST.] Scripture states, in plowing time and in harvest thou shalt rest because human life is dependent principally on these activities. Anan,179 may his name be erased like a cloud,180. I.E. plays with the name Anan. Anan, may his name be erased, as an anan (cloud). says that the reference is to sexual relations.181 prohibits one from engaging in sexual intercourse on the Sabbath. Will Anan not be covered with shame? We will grant that it is in the hand of man to plow (charish).182 However, Anan is silent (yacharish)183 (plowing) and yachcharish (is, or will be, silent). with regard to the word harvest.184
גולא הזכיר בפרשה הזאת שנת השמיטה, כי היום הידוע השלם הוא תנועת הגלגל העליון ממזרח למערב בעשרים וארבעה שעות, ויום השמש הוא שלש מאות וששים וחמשה ימים וקרוב מרביעית יום, כי הוא תקופת השמש מתחלת מערב עד שובה אל מקומה וחכמי המזלות יבינו זה:
3Scripture does not mention the Sabbatical year in this section.185 What we ordinarily mean by a full day consists of the movement of the upper sphere186 from east to west in twenty-four hours. A day of the sun187 consists of three hundred and sixty-five days and about a quarter of a day, for this is how long it takes the sun to make a circuit from its point of departure in the west until it returns to its place.188 Those who know the science of the constellations will understand this.
אוחג. כתוב בשני מקומות ושם בצאת השנה כי סוף השנה הוא תחלת השנה האחרת וזה לאות כי השמש תכנס במזל המאזנים סמוך ליום העשור ולא יתאחר עד צאת סוכות שלא תכנס השנה האחרת על כן כתוב תקופת השנה, ואל תסמוך על תקופת שמואל רק על תקופת רב אדא אעפ"י שהיא צריכה לשני תיקונים, האחד בעבור שמהלך השמש פעם בארוכה ופעם בקצרה וזה השנוי אינו במהלך השמש, כי שוה הוא לעולם, רק הוא כנגד מראה הנקודה בגלגל המזלות והתקון השני בעבור תנועת גלגל קטן בראש טלה:
1AND THE FEAST OF INGATHERING. Scripture states this189 in two places.190 Scripture there reads, at the end of the year (Ex. 23:16) because the end of the year is the beginning of the next year.191 even though the Feast of Ingathering (Sukkot) falls on the 15th day of the first month of the new year, because the end of the year is the beginning of the next year. This is the proof.192 The sun enters the constellation of Libra193 close to the tenth day.194 The new year never occurs after the end of the festival of Sukkot. Scripture therefore reads, at the turn of the year.195 Do not rely on Samuel’s circuits.196 Only rely on Rav Ada’s circuit197 even though it requires two adjustments. One, because the sun at times travels in a longer circuit and at times it travels in a shorter circuit. This difference is not in the sun’s movement, for the sun always travels in a consistent course. Its speed only appears to vary when viewed against a point in the sphere of the constellations.198 A second adjustment has to be made because of the movement of the epicycle at the head of Aries.199
אשלש פעמים. הזכיר בפרשה הזאת אלהי ישראל בעבור דבר העגל:
1THREE TIMES IN THE YEAR. Scripture mentions the God of Israel in this section200. He is not called the Lord God, the God of Israel as here. because of the incident of the golden calf.201 (Ex. 32:4). Hence Scripture here emphasizes that it is the Lord who is God of Israel.
אכי אוריש. פי' בפרשה הזאת למה, שלא הזכיר בראשונה כי לא הוצרך, כי אחר שהשם צוה שיעלו כל זכרי ישראל לראות פניו, הנה אין ספק כי השם ישמור ארצם מפני האויב, אחר שכל ישראל עושים רצונו, וזה הטעם באר אותו היטב:
1FOR I WILL CAST OUT. Scripture explains in this chapter what it does not mention in the earlier one,202 for there was no need to mention it in the earlier chapter.203 Now since God commanded204 all male Israelites to see His face,205 and all of Israel is doing His will, the Lord will undoubtedly guard their land from their enemies. Scripture explains this point very clearly.206
בוטעם ולא יחמוד איש את ארצך. כל כך אשלח אימה בלב השכנים אפילו שלא יחמדו הארץ אף שיעלה בלבם לעשות מלחמה:
2[NEITHER SHALL ANY MAN COVET THY LAND.] I will make your neighbors so fearful that they will not even covet your land.207 might be taken to mean that the Land of Israel is not a very desirable land. Hence I.E.’s comment. They certainly will not think of waging war.
אראשית. כמו בפרשה הראשונה ואלה הם התנאים, ומתחלת ואלה המשפטים עד שש שנים משפטים הם, והכהן הגדול והשופט שהוא המלך הם חייבים ללמדם ולדעתם, וחיוב הצבור הם הנזכרים אחרי כן כמו אלה:
1THE CHOICEST FIRST-FRUITS OF THY LAND. Scripture reads similarly in the earlier chapter.208 These are the conditions.209 From Now these are the ordinances (Ex. 21:1) until And six years (Ex. 23:10) consists of ordinances. The high priest and the judge, namely, the king, are obligated to study them and know them.210 The obligations of the congregation, which are the same as those noted here,211 are then mentioned.212
אויאמר. ואעפ"י שכבר היו כתובים כתבם פעם אחרת עם עשרת הדברים, על כן נכתבה הפרשה הזאת פעמים:
1AND THE LORD SAID. Even though these things were already written,213. Moses wrote them again with the Decalogue.214 This section was therefore written twice.
אויהי שם. רבים חשבו ששמונים יום עמד משה בהר עד שנתן לו השם את הלוחות ולא דברו נכונה, רק דברי הקדמונים ז"ל אמת כמו שכבר זכרתי כי הנה ארבעים יום עמד משה בהר עד שנתן לו השם הלוחות הראשונים, וכן כתוב ויהי משה בהר ארבעים יום וארבעים לילה (למעלה כד יח), והוא אמר ואתנפל לפני השם את ארבעים היום ואת ארבעים הלילה (דבר' ט כה) אז אמר משה פרשת ראה אתה אומר אלי (למעלה לג יב) ואחר כן ירד ופסל הלוחות והעלם עמו על הר סיני, והנה כתוב ויעבור ד' על פניו (למעלה פ' ו) ואחר כך, ויהי שם עם ד' ארבעים יום וארבעים לילה לחם לא אכל, כמשפטו בפעם הראשונה גם בשניה:
1AND HE WAS THERE. Many think that Moses spent eighty days on the mountain until God gave him the tablets.215 They are mistaken. On the contrary, the words of our ancient sages216 47:12. are, as I have already noted, correct.217 Look, Moses spent forty days on the mountain until God gave him the first tablets. Scripture clearly states, and Moses was in the mount forty days and forty nights (Ex. 24:18).218 Moses himself similarly states, So I fell down before the Lord the forty days and forty nights (Deut. 9:25).219. Moses then220 said everything that is recorded in the section starting with the words See Thou sayest unto me (Ex. 33:12). Moses then descended and hewed the tablets and personally brought them up to Mount Sinai. Observe, Scripture states, And the Lord passed by before him (v. 6), and later goes on to say, And he was there with the Lord forty days and forty nights; he did neither eat bread, nor drink water. As was his practice the first time, so was his practice the second time.221
בויכתב על הלחת. השם כתבם כי כן כתוב וכתבתי על הלוחות את הדברים אשר היו על הלוחות הראשונים אשר שברת (למעלה פ' א):
2AND HE WROTE UPON THE TABLES. God wrote upon the tablets,222 (and He wrote) is God. for Scripture explicitly states, and I will write upon the tables the words that were on the first tables, which thou didst break (v. 1).
אומשה לא ידע כי קרן עור פניו בדברו אתו. הטעם בדבר אתו השם וזה בעבור שנראה הכבוד על פניו, על כן הזהירו כזהר הרקיע:
1THAT MOSES KNEW NOT THAT THE SKIN OF HIS FACE SENT FORTH BEAMS WHILE HE TALKED WITH HIM. The meaning of while He talked with him is, while God talked with him. This occurred because the glory223 was seen upon Moses’ face. Moses’ face therefore shone like the brightness of the firmament.
בומלת קרן. מגזרת קרנים מידו לו (חבקוק ג ד) כי כן כתוב בתחלת הפסוק, ונגה כאור תהיה (שם), והנה אמר אחריו קרנים מידו לו, יהיה הטעם כפול כמשפט, ישתחקו עצמות חוי הפושע שאמר כי בעבור שלא אכל לחם שבו פני משה יבשות כמו הקרן: וטעם וייראו. מפני שהיו פניו מכוערות, ואיך לא פקח זה המקולל את עיניו, כי לא יירא האדם לגשת אל האדם רק בעבור דבר פלא שנתחדש בו שלא ראה כמוהו, ואין אדם שלא ראה פני המת, ולא יירא מגשת אליו, ועוד אלו היה ככה, למה לא היה תמיד המסוה על פניו, ולמה היה מסיר אותו תמיד בדברו עם ישראל, והלא ראה כי בהיותו בן מאה ועשרים שנה לא כהתה עינו ולא נס לחה, ואף כי כאשר היה בן שמונים:
2[SENT FORTH BEAMS.] The word karan (sent forth beams) is related to the word karnayim (rays) in Rays hath He at His side (Hab. 3:4),224 means a horn. Hence the word karan. Literally, it means horned. I.E. therefore explains that karan should be understood as sent forth beams. for the opening part of the verse explicitly states, And a brightness appeareth as the light. Now since Rays hath He at His side follows,225 follows And a brightness appeareth as the light. our verse repeats the same idea in different words226 (rays) hath He at His side means the same as And a brightness appeareth as the light. Hence karnayim means rays; similarly the word karan in our verse, which is etymologically related to it, means rays. as is the custom of Scripture. May the bones of Chivi the transgressor227 be crushed, for Chivi said that Moses’ face turned dry as a horn228 (the skin of his face sent forth horns) as the skin of his face horned, i.e. turned hard as a horn. because he did not eat bread. Chivi similarly explains, and they were afraid (v. 30) as meaning they were afraid because Moses’ face was ugly. Now why did this cursed wretch not open his eyes. A person will only fear to approach someone because there is something strange in him which he has never ever seen before.229 There is no person who has never looked upon the face of a corpse that does not fear to approach a dead body. Furthermore, if this is the case,230 why was the veil not always upon the face of Moses? Why did Moses always remove the veil (v. 33) when he spoke with Israel? Did Chivi not see that when Moses was one hundred and twenty years old (Deut. 34:7) his eye was not dim, nor his natural force abated? This was most certainly so231 when Moses was eighty years old.232
אוירא אהרן. שהוא הראש:
1AND WHEN AARON. Who was first in rank.
בוכל בני ישראל. הם הנשיאים, שהיה משפט משה לדבר אליהם, וכן כתוב ויקרא אליהם משה:
2AND ALL THE CHILDREN OF ISRAEL. The reference is to the leaders with whom it was the practice of Moses to speak. Scripture similarly states, And Moses called unto them233 (v. 31).
אוישובו אליו. זה לאות כי שבו מרוב הפחד אחורנית אחרי צאתם לקראתו:
1RETURNED UNTO HIM. This shows that they turned away from Moses after they went out to meet him because they were greatly frightened.
אואחרי כן כל בני ישראל שהיו בתחתית ההר:
1AND AFTERWARD. Afterward all the children of Israel who stood at the foot of the mount came near.
בויצום. אלה התנאים הנזכרים:
2AND HE GAVE THEM IN COMMANDMENT. All of the conditions already mentioned.234
אמסוה. כדמות כסות וי"א כי כמוהו ובדם ענבים סותה (ברא' מט יא), ואל תתמה בעבור היות וי"ו מסוה נראית ולא כן וי"ו סותה כי הנה עַולתה (הושע י יג) וְעולָתָה (איוב ה טז), עול ימים (ישעי' סה כ) גם עוילים (איוב יט יח), אל תוך המחנה (דברים כג יא), גם ויבתר אותם בַתָוֶך ברא' טו י) יש אומרים שהאור היה מתחדש בפני משה בכל עת שהיה בא אל אהל מועד וידבר עם השם, והיה יוצא והאור עומד כל זמן שהיה מדבר אל בני ישראל דברי השם, ובכלותו ישים המסוה שידע שיסור האור וישובו פניו כאשר היו, וזה יהיה גרעון למשה, אם יראו ישראל פניו בלי אור, על כן היה משים המסוה, ובבאו לדבר אל השם ישים המסוה לקבל האור, והגאון אמר, כי האור לא סר מפניו עד יום מותו, על כן לא כהתה עינו, וזהו הנכון, רק אמר כי טעם המסוה בעבור שלא יפחדו ישראל בריבם זה עם זה, ולפי דעתי כי שם המסוה בעבור כבוד האור שחדש השם בפניו שלא יראוהו ישראל בכל רגע רק כאשר ידבר אליהם דברי השם ויסיר את המסוה בבואו אל אהל מועד שידבר עם השם פנים בפנים, וזה טעם ובבא משה:
1A VEIL. Masveh (veil) is a garment (kesut).235 and kesut come from the same root (samekh, vav, heh) and have the same meaning. Some say that the word suto (vesture) in And his vesture in the blood of grapes (Gen. 49: 11)236 is similar. Do not be amazed that the vav in masveah is enunciated while the vav is suto is silent, for we find the same with the words avlatah (wickedness) (Hos. 10:13) and olatah (iniquity) (Job 5:16).237 We similarly find ul yamim (an infant of days) (Is. 65:20) and avilim (urchins) (Job. 19:18);238 and avilim come from the same root. However, the vav is not sounded in ul. el tokh ha-machneh (within the camp) (Deut. 23:11) and also va-yevatter otam ba-tavekh (and divided them in the midst) (Gen. 15:10).239 and tavekh come from the same root. However, the vav is silent in tokh. Similarly masveh and suto. Some say that the light was renewed upon Moses’ face every time Moses came to the tent of meeting and spoke with God. When Moses left the tent the light remained240 as long as he related God’s words to the children of Israel. When Moses finished speaking he put on the veil, for he knew that the light would depart and his face would return to its prior state. It would be an insult to Moses if the Israelites saw his face without light radiating from it. Moses therefore put on the veil. However, when he came in to speak with God he would remove241 38. However, some of the printed editions have “he would put.” This appears to be an error. See Netter and Weiser. the veil to receive the light. Rabbi Saadiah Gaon says that the light was not removed from Moses’ face until the day of his death. Therefore Moses’ eye was not dimmed.242 This is correct. However, Saadiah says that Moses put on the veil so that the Israelites would not be afraid when they quarreled with each other.243 However, I believe that Moses put on a veil out of respect to the light which God newly created upon his face. He did not want Israel to constantly see it. He wanted them to see it only when he spoke God’s words. He removed the veil when he came into the tent of meeting to speak with God face to face. This is the meaning of But when Moses went in, etc. (v. 34).
אוראו. והנה טעם והשיב משה את המסוה. וכן עשה תמיד וככה היה משפטי עם ישראל עד יום שאספו כבוד השם אליו, ולא נודע קבורתו בחמלת ד' עליו ברוך אשר בחר בו, ושם רוח קדשו בקרבו:
1AND THE CHILDREN OF ISRAEL SAW THE FACE OF MOSES, THAT THE SKIN OF MOSES’ FACE SENT FORTH BEAMS. Observe. The meaning of and Moses put the veil back upon his face244 is not to be taken as a perfect but as an imperfect. is that Moses always acted in this manner.245 This was his practice in dealing with the Israelites until the day that God’s glory gathered him to Himself. Moses’ grave is unknown,246 the Lord being merciful unto him.247 is a quote from Genesis 19:16 which I.E. applied to Moses. Blessed is He who chose Moses and placed His holy spirit in him.