Tanach · Rishonim on Tanach · Ramban · Torah

Ramban on Genesis 11:2/רמב"ן על בראשית י״א:ב׳

אבְּנָסְעָם מִקֶּדֶם פֵּרֵשׁ רַשִׁ"י (רש"י על בראשית י"א:ב') שֶׁהָיוּ יוֹשְׁבִים שָׁם, כַּכָּתוּב לְמַעְלָה (י ל) "וַיְהִי מוֹשָׁבָם מִמֵּשָׁא בֹּאֲכָה סְפָרָה הַר הַקֶּדֶם", וְנָסְעוּ מִשָּׁם לָתוּר לָהֶם מָקוֹם הַמַּחְזִיק אוֹתָם, וְלֹא מָצְאוּ אֶלָּא שִׁנְעָר. וְאֵין זֶה נָכוֹן, כִּי תּוֹלְדוֹת שֵׁם לְבַדָּן הֵם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר עֲלֵיהֶם כֵּן, וְלָמָּה יִחֵס הַפַּלָּגָה עֲלֵיהֶם, כִּי בְּנֵי יֶפֶת וּבְנֵי חָם רַבִּים מֵהֶם. וְעוֹד כִּי מוֹשָׁבָם בְּאַרְצֹתָם הָיָה מִמֵּשָׁא עַד הַר הַקֶּדֶם. וְהַפַּלָּגָה הָיְתָה טֶרֶם שֶׁהָיָה מוֹשָׁבָם, כִּי לֹא בָּאוּ בְּנֵי יֶפֶת מֵאִיֵּי הַיָּם אֶל הַבִּקְעָה אֲשֶׁר בְּאֶרֶץ שִׁנְעָר, אֲבָל בַּפַּלָּגָה הֱפִיצָם הַשֵּׁם עַל פְּנֵי כָל הָאָרֶץ, וְאָז הוּשְׁבוּ בְּאַרְצֹתָם לְגוֹיֵיהֶם. וְרַבִּי אַבְרָהָם פֵּרֵשׁ כִּי הָרֵי אֲרָרָט בַּמִּזְרָח, וְיָפֶה אָמַר, כִּי הֵם בַּמִּזְרָח קְרוֹבִים לְאַשּׁוּר, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (מלכים ב יט לז) "וְהֵמָּה נִמְלְטוּ אֶרֶץ אֲרָרָט", וְנֹחַ בְּרִדְתּוֹ מִן הָהָר נִתְיַשֵּׁב בָּאֲרָצוֹת הָהֵם הוּא וְתוֹלְדוֹתָיו, וְכַאֲשֶׁר רַבּוּ נָסְעוּ מִשָּׁם אֶל הַבִּקְעָה הַזּוֹ. וְאַנְשֵׁי הַפַּלָּגָה עַל דִּבְרֵי רַבּוֹתֵינוּ (סנהדרין קט) מוֹרְדִים בְּבוֹרְאָם. וְרוֹדְפֵי הַפְּשָׁט (הראב"ע והרד"ק) אוֹמְרִים שֶׁלֹּא הָיָה דַּעְתָּם אֶלָּא שֶׁיִּהְיוּ יַחַד מְחֻבָּרִים, כִּי הִגִּיד הַכָּתוּב דַּעְתָּם "פֶּן נָפוּץ" וְלֹא סִפֵּר עֲלֵיהֶם עִנְיָן אַחֵר. וְאִם כְּדִבְרֵיהֶם יִהְיוּ טִפְּשִׁים, כִּי אֵיךְ תִּהְיֶה עִיר אַחַת וּמִגְדָּל אֶחָד מַסְפִּיק לְכָל בְּנֵי הָעוֹלָם, אוֹ שֶׁמָּא הָיוּ חוֹשְׁבִים שֶׁלֹּא יִפְרוּ וְשֶׁלֹּא יִרְבּוּ וְזֶרַע רְשָׁעִים יִכָּרֵת. אֲבָל הַיּוֹדֵעַ פֵּרוּשׁ "שֵׁם" יָבִין כַּוָּנָתָם מִמָּה שֶׁאָמְרוּ "וְנַעֲשֶׂה לָּנוּ שֵׁם", וְיֵדַע כַּמָּה הַשִּׁעוּר שֶׁיָּזְמוּ בַּמִּגְדָּל לַעֲשׂוֹתוֹ, וְיָבִין כָּל הָעִנְיָן, כִּי חָשְׁבוּ מַחְשָׁבָה רָעָה וְהָעֹנֶשׁ שֶׁבָּא עֲלֵיהֶם לְהַפְרִידָם בַּלְּשׁוֹנוֹת וּבָאֲרָצוֹת מִדָּה כְּנֶגֶד מִדָּה, כִּי הָיוּ קוֹצְצִים בַּנְּטִיעוֹת. וְהִנֵּה חֶטְאָם דּוֹמֶה לְחֵטְא אֲבִיהֶם, וְשֶׁמָּא בִּשְׁבִיל זֶה דָּרְשׁוּ (ב"ר לח ט), "אֲשֶׁר בָּנוּ בְּנֵי הָאָדָם", אָמַר רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה, מָה בְּנֵי חֲמָרַיָּא בְּנֵי גַּמְלַיָּא, אֶלָּא בְּנוֹי דְּאָדָם קַדְמָאָה וְכוּ'. וְהִסְתַּכֵּל כִּי בְּכָל עִנְיַן הַמַּבּוּל הִזְכִּיר "אֱלֹהִים", וּבְכָל עִנְיַן הַפַּלָּגָה הִזְכִּיר הַשֵּׁם הַמְּיֻחָד, כִּי הַמַּבּוּל בַּעֲבוּר הַשְׁחָתַת הָאָרֶץ, וְהַפַּלָּגָה בַּעֲבוּר שֶׁקִּצְּצוּ בַּנְּטִיעוֹת וְהִנָּם עֲנוּשִׁים בִּשְׁמוֹ הַגָּדוֹל. וְזֶה טַעַם הַיְּרִידָה, וְכֵן בְּמִדַּת סְדוֹם. וְהַמַּשְׂכִּיל יָבִין:

1AS THEY JOURNEYED FROM THE EAST. Rashi comments: “They journeyed from where they were then dwelling, as it is written above, And their dwelling was from Mesha, as thou goest toward Sephar, unto the mountain of the east.³³³ From there they journeyed to search out for themselves a place that would accomodate them all, but they found none except Shinar.” But this is not correct for this is the account of the children of Shem only, concerning whom it was so said [that they dwelled at “the mountain of the east”], and why should Scripture attribute the dispersion to the descendants of Shem when the children of Japheth and of Ham were more numerous than they? Besides, their habitation in their countries was from Mesha to the mountain of the east,³³³ and the dispersion of the nations took place before they settled there, for the children of Japheth surely did not come from the isles of the sea³³⁴, Verse 5. to the land of Shinar; rather, it was during the dispersion that G-d scattered them abroad upon the face of all the earth,³³⁵ and at that time they were settled in their lands, after their nations.³³⁶And Rabbi Abraham ibn Ezra explained that the mountains of Ararat are in the east. [Thus the verse before us which states, as they journeyed from the east, means as they journeyed from the mountains of Ararat.] That which he said is correct for the mountains of Ararat are in the east near Assyria, as it is said, And they escaped into the land of Ararat.³³⁷ And when Noah came down from the mountain [upon which the ark had rested],³³⁸ he and his sons settled in those lands, and when they increased they journeyed from there to this valley called Shinar.According to our Rabbis,³³⁹ the men of the dispersion rebelled against their Creator. But those who pursue the plain meaning of Scripture say³⁴⁰ that their idea was only to be closely united, for Scripture declares their intention, lest we be scattered,³⁴¹ and does not relate any other matter [motive] concerning them. But if it be as those commentators say, then the men of the dispersion were fools for how could one city and one tower suffice for all people of the world? Or perhaps they thought that they would not be fruitful and multiply, as it is written, and the seed of the wicked will be cut off.³⁴²However, he who knows the meaning of the word “name” — as they said, and we will make for us a name³⁴¹ — will understand their intent and will know the extent of their evil intention in constructing the tower. And then he will understand the whole subject, namely, that theirs was an evil thought, and the punishment that came over them — to be dispersed in their languages and countries — was meted out measure for measure for “they mutilated the shoots” [of faith by seeking to undermine the principle of the Unity]. Thus their sin was comparable to that of their father Adam.³⁴³ Perhaps on account of this the Sages expounded:³⁴⁴ “And the Eternal came down to see… which the children of men had built.³⁴⁵ Said Rabbi Berachyah, ‘[Whose children could they have been but the children of men?] Perhaps the children of donkeys or camels? Rather it means the children of the first man, etc.’” Contemplate further that in the entire subject of the flood, Scripture mentions Elokim (G-d), while in the entire matter of the dispersion it mentions the Tetragrammaton; the flood came on account of the corruption of the land, and the dispersion came because “they mutilated the shoots” of faith and therefore their punishment was meted out by His Great Name. This explains the “coming down”³⁴⁵ and also the Divine measure meted out in Sodom.³⁴⁶ The student learned [in the mystic lore of the Cabala] will understand.