Tanach · Rishonim on Tanach · Ramban · Torah
Ramban on Genesis 42:8/רמב"ן על בראשית מ״ב:ח׳
אוְהֵם לֹא הִכִּירוּהוּ כְּלָל, וְלֹא הֻצְרַךְ עוֹד לְהִתְנַכֵּר אֲלֵיהֶם. וְאָמְרוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ (יבמות פח) בְּטַעַם הַהַכָּרָה, לְפִי שֶׁהִנִּיחָם חֲתוּמֵי זָקָן, וְהֵם לֹא הִכִּירוּהוּ שֶׁיָּצָא מֵאֶצְלָם בְּלֹא חֲתִימַת זָקָן וְעַכְשָׁו מְצָאוּהוּ בַּחֲתִימַת זָקָן. וְהִנֵּה יִשָּׂשׂכָר וּזְבוּלוּן אֵינָם גְּדוֹלִים מִיּוֹסֵף רַק מְעַט, אֲבָל כֵּיוָן שֶׁהִכִּיר אֶת הַגְּדוֹלִים הִכִּיר אֶת כֻּלָּם. וְעוֹד הָיָה מַכִּירָם מִדַּעְתּוֹ שֶׁיָּבֹאוּ שָׁם, וְהֵם לֹא הִכִּירוּהוּ שֶׁלֹּא נָתְנוּ לִבָּם שֶׁיִּהְיֶה הָעֶבֶד אֲשֶׁר מָכְרוּ לַיִּשְׁמְעֵאלִים, הוּא הַשַּׁלִּיט עַל הָאָרֶץ. וְאָמַר רַבִּי אַבְרָהָם (אבן עזרא על בראשית מ"ב:ז'), "וַיַּכִּרֵם" – בַּתְּחִלָּה הִכִּיר שֶׁהֵם אֶחָיו, וְאַחֲרֵי כֵן הִסְתַּכֵּל בְּכָל אֶחָד וְהִכִּירוֹ:
1BUT THEY DID NOT RECOGNIZE HIM. I.e., at all. And so he no longer needed to make himself appear strange to them. Now in this matter of recognition, our Rabbis have said127 that Joseph recognized his brothers because he had left them bearded, but they did not recognize him because when he left them he had no beard and now they found him with a beard.Now Issachar and Zebulun were but a little older than Joseph,128 but having recognized the older ones, he recognized them all. Moreover, he recognized them because he knew they were bound to come, but they did not recognize him because it did not occur to them that a slave sold to the Ishmaelites should be the ruler of a land.Rabbi Abraham ibn Ezra says: And he recognized them.129 That is, at first he recognized them to be his brothers, and following that, he looked at each one and recognized him individually.130, since it refers to individual recognition.