Tanach · Rishonim on Tanach · Ramban · Torah
Ramban on Numbers 27:19/רמב"ן על במדבר כ״ז:י״ט
אוְצִוִּיתָה אֹתוֹ עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל: דַּע שֶׁטַּרְחָנִין הֵם, סַרְבָנִין הֵם, עַל מְנָת שֶׁתְּקַבֵּל עָלֶיךָ, לְשׁוֹן רַשִׁ״י (רש״י על במדבר כ״ז:י״ט). וְאֵינוֹ נָכוֹן בְּעֵינַי, בַּעֲבוּר שֶׁאָמַר לְעֵינֵיהֶם, כִּי יוֹתֵר רָאוּי הָעִנְיָן הַזֶּה לְהֵאָמֵר בֵּינוֹ לְבֵינוֹ, כִּי בִּפְנֵיהֶם יִגְרֹם בָּהֶם הִתְפַּקְּרוּת. וּמִדֶּרֶךְ הַמּוּסָר שֶׁיַּזְהִיר לָהֶם בִּפְנֵי עַצְמָן מִהְיוֹתָם עוֹד טַרְחָנִין וְסַרְבָנִין. אֲבָל וְצִוִּיתָה אוֹתוֹ לְעֵינֵיהֶם – שֶׁיְּצַוֶּנּוּ בְּמִצְווֹת הַנָּגִיד וְהַשּׁוֹפֵט, כִּי בַּעֲבוּר הֱיוֹתוֹ לְרֹאשׁ יַפְקִידֵם בְּיָדוֹ, וְיַזְהִירֶנּוּ לְהִשְׁתַּדֵּל מְאֹד בְּעִנְיָנָם, וְלִהְיוֹת נִלְחָם מִלְחֲמוֹת ה', וְיִהְיֶה הוּא הַמּוֹצִיא וְהַמֵּבִיא אוֹתָם, וּלְהִזָּהֵר בִּדְבַר הַמִּשְׁפָּט. וְזֶה רָאוּי לִהְיוֹת לְעֵינֵיהֶם כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּבְטְחוּ בּוֹ וְיִשְׁמְעוּ אֵלָיו, כִּי יֵדְעוּ כִּי יֵלֵךְ בְּעִנְיָנָם בְּדַרְכֵי הָאֱמֶת כִּי כֵן צִוָּה אוֹתוֹ רַבּוֹ. וְכֵן עָשָׂה מֹשֶׁה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר שָׁם: ״וַיִּקְרָא מֹשֶׁה לִיהוֹשֻׁעַ וַיֹּאמֶר אֵלָיו לְעֵינֵי כָל יִשְׂרָאֵל חֲזַק וֶאֱמָץ" וְגוֹ' עַד ״לֹא תִירָא וְלֹא תֵחָת״ (דברים לא ז ח). וּבְסִפְרֵי: ״צַו אֶת יְהוֹשֻׁעַ״ - עַל דְּבַר תַּלְמוּד, ״וְחַזְּקֵהוּ וְאַמְּצֵהוּ״ - מַגִּיד שֶׁאֵין שְׁנֵי פַּרְנָסִים לַדּוֹר, וְאֵלּוּ מִצְווֹת הַנָּגִיד שֶׁיִּהְיֶה תַּקִּיף וְלֹא יִירָא אֶת הָעָם. וּלְפִי דַּעְתִּי בִּפְשַׁט הַכָּתוּב, טַעַם וְצִוִּיתָה אוֹתוֹ לְעֵינֵיהֶם הוּא הַמִּנּוּי, שֶׁיְּמַנֶּה אוֹתוֹ בְּמַעֲמָדָם לִהְיוֹת נָגִיד עֲלֵיהֶם, כִּלְשׁוֹן ״מִיּוֹם אֲשֶׁר צִוָּה אֹתִי לִהְיוֹת" וְגוֹ' (נחמיה ה יד), וְכֵן ״וַיְצַוֵּהוּ ה' לְנָגִיד עַל עַמּוֹ״ (שמואל א יג יד), וְכֵן ״לְמִן הַיּוֹם אֲשֶׁר צִוִּיתִי שׁוֹפְטִים עַל עַמִּי יִשְׂרָאֵל״ (ז יא) - מִנִּיתִי:
1AND THOU SHALT COMMAND HIM [Joshua] — “concerning Israel, [saying to him]: ‘Know that they are troublesome, that they are stubborn. [Accept this position of leadership over them with full awareness of this and] on condition that you take upon yourself [all this].’” This is the language of Rashi. But it is not correct in my opinion, because it says [and thou shalt command him] before their eyes [and Moses would not have told Joshua to say such words in their presence], for this matter ought rather to have been told to him [Joshua] between the two of them [Moses and Joshua]; for if he would say it in their presence, it would [only] have caused them to break off all restraint. And it would have been more fitting that he [Moses] should chastise the people, warning them separately [and not in Joshua’s presence] not to be troublesome and stubborn any more [rather than to tell Joshua, in their presence, that they were a troublesome and stubborn people]! But [the meaning of] and thou shalt command him before their eyes is that you should instruct him in the duties of a prince and judge, since it was because he [Joshua] was to be their leader that he entrusted them to his care. [Therefore] he should [indeed] have warned him to exert himself exceedingly on their behalf, and to fight the battles of the Eternal, and that he should be the one to go out before them [in battle] and to bring them in,174 and that he should be careful in matters of judgment. These [instructions] indeed ought to be said in their presence, in order that they should trust him and listen to him, for they would then know that he will treat their affairs in a truthful manner, since his master had so commanded him. And this is what Moses [actually] did, as it is said there, And Moses called unto Joshua, and said unto him in the sight of all Israel: ‘Be strong and of good courage etc. fear not, neither be dismayed.’172 And in the Sifre [we find the following text]:175 “And command Joshua176 — concerning instruction [learning and teaching Torah].177 And encourage ‘him,’ and strengthen ‘him.’176 This teaches us that there cannot be two leaders in one generation.” Now these are duties of the prince, to be firm and not to be afraid of the people.In my opinion the plain meaning of Scripture is that the explanation of [the expression] ‘v’tzav’ (and thou shalt command) him before their eyes is [that it refers to] appointing [him officially as their leader], for Moses was to appoint Joshua in the presence of the people to be the ruler over them. This is similar to [the expression], from the time ‘tzivah othi’ (I was appointed) to be their governor etc.178 So also: ‘vayetzaveihu’ (and the Eternal hath appointed him) to be the prince over His people.179 Similarly, Even from the day that ‘tzivithi’(‘I commanded’) judges to be over My people Israel,180 which means “I appointed” [and likewise all these expressions of ‘tzav,’ which literally mean “command,” here mean “appoint”].