Midrash · Halachah
Sifrei Devarim 282/ספרי דברים רפ״ב
א(דברים כד יט) כִּי תִקְצֹר קְצִירְךָ, פְּרָט לְשֶׁקְּצָרוּהוּ לִיסְטִים וְקִרְסְמוּהוּ נְמָלִים וּשְׁבָרַתּוּ הָרוּחַ אוֹ בְהֵמָה.
1Pisqa’ 282 4001. “When you are reaping your harvest in your field” (Dt. 24:19).[This verse] excludescrops harvested by field-robbers,a crop felled by nibbling ants,or one damaged by wind or cattle—[the field must be reaped intentionally by the owner]. 401“Your harvest” (Dt. 24:19)—the verse excludes the harvest of gentiles.On this basis they taught:A foreigner who harvested his field,and afterward became a proselyte—he is free of obligation to leaveGleanings, the Forgotten-sheaf,and the Corner-offering[since, as a foreigner, he was not obligatedto leave them at the time of the harvest].402R. Judah obligates him for the Forgotten-sheaf,since the obligation to leave the Forgotten-sheafbegins only at the time ofbinding the sheaves,[by which time, as a proselyte,the farmer was obligated by the Torah].403, per.1:6.
בקְצִירְךָ, פְּרָט לְשֶׁקְּצָרוּהוּ גּוֹיִם. מִכָּן אָמְרוּ: נָכְרִי שֶׁקָּצַר אֶת שָׂדֵהוּ וְאַחַר כָּךְ נִתְגַּיֵּר, פָּטוּר מִן הַלֶּקֶט וּמִן הַשִּׁכְחָה וּמִן הַפֵּאָה. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה מְחַיֵּב בַּשִּׁכְחָה, שֶׁאֵין שִׁכְחָה אֶלָּא בִּשְׁעַת הָעִמּוּר. קְצִירְךָ, פְּרָט לַאֲחֵרִים. קְצִירְךָ, פְּרָט לְהֶקְדֵּשׁ. כְּשֶׁתִּמְצֵי אוֹמֵר: קָצַר הֶקְדֵּשׁ וְלָקַח יִשְׂרָאֵל, פְּטוּרָה. קָצַר גּוֹי וְלָקַח יִשְׂרָאֵל, פְּטוּרָה.
22. “Your harvest” (Dt. 24:19)—[this case] excludes the harvest of outsiders.“Your harvest” (Dt. 24:19)—[this case] excludes the harvest of consecrated produce.And about this we find:If [an Israelite] harvested consecrated produceand an Israelite purchased it—the harvest is exempt[from all three offerings].404If a gentile harvested the field,and an Israelite purchased it—the harvest is exempt[from all three offerings].405 282.3 immediately below.
גרַבִּי יוֹסֵי הַגְּלִילִי אוֹמֵר: מִכְּלַל שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים כד יט): כִּי תִקְצֹר קְצִירְךָ בְשָׂדֶךָ וְשָׁכַחְתָּ עֹמֶר, כָּל זְמַן שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ קָצִיר יֵשׁ לוֹ עֹמֶר וְיֵשׁ לוֹ שִׁכְחָה, כָּל זְמַן שֶׁאֵין לוֹ קָצִיר אֵין לוֹ עֹמֶר וְאֵין לוֹ שִׁכְחָה. כְּשֶׁתִּמְצֵי אוֹמֵר: קָצַר הֶקְדֵּשׁ וְלָקַח יִשְׂרָאֵל פְּטוּרָה, קָצַר גּוֹי וְלָקַח יִשְׂרָאֵל פְּטוּרָה.
33. R. Yose the Galilean says:inferring from what is stated:“When you are reaping your harvest in your fieldand you forget a sheaf” (Dt. 24:19)—[I conclude that]as long as he is harvesting, he is also binding sheaves,and, therefore, he is under obligationfor the Forgotten-sheaf;but as long as he is not harvesting,he is not binding sheaves,and, therefore, he is under no obligationfor the Forgotten-sheaf.And about this we find:if [an Israelite] harvested consecrated produceand an Israelite purchased it—the harvest is exempt[from all three offerings].If a gentile harvested the field,and an Israelite purchased it—the harvest is exempt[from all three offerings].406 282.2 immediately above.
דבְשָׂדֶךָ, פְּרָט לִמְעַמֵּר בִּשְׂדֵה חֲבֵרוֹ, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי מֵאִיר; וַחֲכָמִים מְחַיְּבִים. מִכָּן אַתָּה אוֹמֵר: הָעֹמֶר שֶׁשְּׁכָחוּהוּ פּוֹעֲלִים וְלֹא שְׁכָחוֹ בַּעַל הַבַּיִת, שְׁכָחוֹ בַּעַל הַבַּיִת וְלֹא שְׁכָחוּהוּ פּוֹעֲלִים, עָמְדוּ הָעֲנִיִּים בְּפָנָיו אוֹ שֶׁחִפּוּהוּ בְקַשׁ, הֲרֵי זֶה אֵינוֹ שִׁכְחָה.
44. “In your field” (Dt. 24:19)—this excludes [from obligation]one binding sheaves in his companion’s field[for his obligation only coverssheaves from his own field]:Words of R. Meir.But sages oblige him[to abandon those sheaves if they are forgotten].On this basis you can teach:A sheaf forgotten by workers,yet which the householder did not forget;or one forgotten by the householder,yet which the workers did not forget—if the poor stood up to conceal it,or they covered it with straw,this, indeed, is not a Forgotten-sheaf[for, while lost, it has not been forgotten,and the poor have no claim to the sheaf].407