Tanach · Rishonim on Tanach · Ibn Ezra · Torah
Ibn Ezra on Deuteronomy 4/אבן עזרא על דברים ד׳
אמלמד אתכם לעשות. כי עיקר הלמוד לעשות המצות:
1WHICH I TEACH YOU, TO DO THEM. The main purpose of study is the observance of the commandments.
בלמעז תחיון. כי עובדי פעור נשמדו:
2THAT YE MAY LIVE. For those who worshipped pe’or were destroyed.1
גוירשתם. בעבור שנח ונעלם היו״ד בשבר הוי״ו נשבר עי״ן הפעל ואפס על משקלו:
3AND POSSESS. The middle root letter of the verb vi-yerishtem (and possess)2. The root of vi-yerishtem is yod, resh, shin. is vocalized with a chirik because the yod is silenced and made invisible by the chirik beneath the vav.3. Hence I.E.’s comment. There is no other word that is similarly vocalized.
אלא תוספו. מדעתכם ותחשבו כי היא עבודה לשם ג״כ לא תגרעו ואשר אמרתי למען תחיו אין צורך לעדים כי עיניכם הרואות:
1YE SHALL NOT ADD. On your own4 and think that it is in the service of God. You shall similarly not diminish.5 Now, my6 statement that ye may live does not require witnesses, for Your eyes have seen… (v. 3).7
אבבעל פעור. בעבור בעל פעור ורבים כן ומי שלא עבד בעל פעור הנו חי:
1IN BAAL-PEOR. Be-va’al pe’or (in Baal-peor) means because of Baal-peor.8 here has the meaning of because rather than in. I.E. renders our clause as: your eyes have seen what the Lord did because of Baal-peor. There are many such instances.9 here has the meaning of because. Whoever did not worship Baal-peor is alive.
אוטעם למדתי אתכם. אחר שאמר אשר אנכי מלמד אתכם להוסיף כאשר צוני ה' כי המצות הם מצותיו שתעשו בארץ שיתן לכם השם לירושה ועוד כי יש לכם תפארת במצותיו על כל הגוים והטעם כי עיקר כל המצות יבינם המשכיל וידע למה נתנו:
1[I HAVE TAUGHT YOU.] Moses states, I have taught you, after saying which I teach you (v. 1), because he wants to add, even as the Lord my God commanded me. The meaning of our verse is, the precepts which I taught you are God’s commandments, which you should observe in the land that God will give you for a possession. Furthermore, the commandments are your glory over the nations. 6. YOUR WISDOM AND YOUR UNDERSTANDING IN THE SIGHT OF THE PEOPLES. Because an intelligent person can understand the basis of all the commandments. An intelligent person can ascertain the reason why they were given.
אכי מי גוי גדול. שיש לו אלהים שיהיה קרוב אליו שיענהו תמיד בכל אשר יבקש ממנו בחכמה גם אין גוי גדול אשר לו חקים ומשפטים צדיקים בשקול הדעת כמו ישראל:
1FOR WHAT GREAT NATION IS THERE. That has God so near in that He always answers him in all that he intelligently10. I.E. adds be-chokhmah to indicate that God responds only to intelligent requests. The word be-chokhmah is not found in Vat. Ebr. 28. requests of Him. Furthermore, unlike Israel there is no great nation that has statutes and ordinances that reason tells us are righteous.
בוטעם גוי גדול. בעבור חכמי לב יראי ה':
2A great nation means, great in intelligent people who fear the Lord.
ארק השמר לך. הטעם אם תשכח כל דבר אל תשכח יום אשר עמדת בסיני:
1ONLY TAKE HEED TO THYSELF. Its meaning is, should you forget everything, do not forget the day that you stood at Sinai.
באשר ראו עיניך. זהו וכל העם רואים את הקולות:
2WHICH THINE EYES SAW. The reference is to And all the people perceived the thunderings, and the lightnings (Ex. 20:15).
אוטעם כל הימים אשר הם חיים על האדמה. כי השם ידע שלא יוכלו לעשות מצותיו כראוי והם בארצות המושלים בהם:
1[ALL THE DAYS THAT THEY LIVE UPON THE EARTH.] Scripture says this because God knows that they can not properly observe His commandments when they are in countries where others rule over them.11) as referring to the Land of Israel, as in Deut. 11:21.
אלב השמים. באמצע כנגד הרואים וכן בלב ים:
1UNTO THE HEART OF HEAVEN. The middle of heaven.12 Scripture speaks of those who look up. The heart of the sea (Ex. 15:8) is similar.13
אזולתי קול. ששמעתם. כי הקול איננו נראה בעין וכבר פירשתי וכל העם רואים את הקולות:
1ONLY A VOICE. Which you heard,14 is short for you only heard a voice. for the voice is not visible to the eye.15 I have already explained the meaning of And all the people saw the sounds16 (Ex. 20:15).17
אוטעם ואותי צוה ה'. כי בסיני צוה השם למשה את כל החקים והמשפטים רק הגידם לישראל בשנה השנית. ופעם אחרת ובשנה הארבעים. ואחר שלא ראיתם כל תמונ' השמרו לכם פן תשחיתון מה שראיתם והטעם האמת או דרכיכם:
1[COMMANDED ME AT THAT TIME.] For God told Moses all the statutes and ordinances at Sinai. However, Moses related them to Israel in the second year18 and again in the fortieth year.19 [Moses tells the Israelites:] Since you saw no form (v. 12) take ye therefore good heed unto yourselves (v. 15) lest you corrapt what you saw (v. 16), that is, lest you corrupt the truth20 or your ways.21
אפסל. דבר נקצב כמו ויפסלו בוני שלמה:
1A GRAVEN IMAGE. The word pesel (graven image) refers to an object that has been fashioned.22 (literally, cut). Compare, va-yifselu (did fashion) in And Solomon’s builders…did fashion them (I Kings 5:32).
בזכר או נקבה. בגוים ידועים. גם יש גוים סוגדים ועובדים כל בהמה שיפגעו בתחל' יומו וי״א להוריד כח עליונים כצורת עקרב לנשוך והצורות הארבעים ושבעה הנשארות:
2MALE OR FEMALE. Worshipped by some well-known nations. There are also nations that bow down and worship any beast that they meet at the beginning of their day in order to bring down a power from on high; for example, they worship the scorpion23 if they want someone bitten. The same applies to the remaining forty-seven forms.24
אהשמש והירח. שהם המאורות הגדולים ואחר שאמר ואת הככבים באר בשם כלל כל צבא השמים ככבי לכת שהם ככבי אור וכל המזלות והצורות:
1THE SUN AND THE MOON. Which are the great lights.25 After mentioning the stars, Scripture goes on to use a general term, namely, even all the host of heaven. All the hosts of heaven refers to the planets,26 which are light-giving stars, and all the constellations and forms.27
בונדחת. כאדם שידחה ויפול:
2THOU BE DRAWN AWAY.28 (literally, and you will slip). Hence I.E.’s comment. You will, as it were, slip and fall.
גאשר חלק. דבר מנוסה הוא כי יש לכל עם ועם ככב ידוע ומזל וכן יש מזל לכל עיר ועיר והשם שם לישראל מעל' גדול' להיות השם יועצם ולא ככב להם והנה ישראל נחלת השם:
3WHICH THE LORD THY GOD HATH ALLOTTED. It has been empirically established that each and every nation has a specific star and constellation. Every city similarly has its own constellation. God raised Israel to a very high level in that God, and not any star, is Israel’s guide.29 Israel is thus God’s portion.
אוטעם וה' התאנף בי. בעבור שאמר ויוצא אתכם להיות לו לעם נחלה בארץ שתעבדוהו רק אני לא אראה בטובה הזאת:
1[NOW THE LORD WAS ANGERED WITH ME.] Moses says this because he had stated earlier, But you hath the Lord taken and brought forth…to be unto Him a people of inheritance (v. 20) in the land, so that you will serve Him. However, I will not share in this good.
בעל דבריכם. אתם סבבתם שלא אכנס לארץ כאשר פירשתי:
2FOR YOUR SAKES. You were the cause of my not entering the land. I have already explained this.30
אהשמרו לכם ועשיתם פסל. וכבר אמר כזה והטעם להוסיף אש אוכלה על כן אנכי מצוך:
1TAKE HEED UNTO YOURSELVES…AND MAKE YOU A GRAVEN IMAGE. Moses had previously said something to this effect.31 He repeated himself because he wanted to add, For the Lord thy God is a devouring fire (v. 24). Hence32 I command you to [take heed unto yourselves…].
בתמונת כל. כל דבר:
2EVEN THE LIKENESS OF ANY THING. Temunat kol33 is to be rendered as the likeness of anything.34 is short for kol davar (all things, i.e., any thing).
גאשר צוך. כאשר צוך או מלת צוך שלא לעשות כמו ועל העבים אצוה ויש אומר על צורת הככבים וזה רחוק בעיני:
3WHICH THE LORD THY GOD HATH FORBIDDEN THEE. Asher tzivvekha (hath forbidden thee) is to be rendered as He commanded thee.35 (hath forbidden thee) literally reads, which He has commanded you. However, it cannot have this meaning here for then our verse would read: and make you a graven image, even the likeness of anything which the Lord your God has commanded you. Hence I.E. comments that asher tzivvekha is to be read, ka’asher tzivvekha. In other words, it is to be interpreted as, which the Lord your God had commanded. Or tzivvekha may be interpreted: which He commanded you not to make.36 has the meaning of prohibited. Compare, I will also command (atzavveh) the clouds (from raining rain upon it)37 (Is. 5:6).38 Some say that the reference39 (likeness of anything) refers to the making of an image of the stars. is to the likeness of the stars.40 (even any manner of likeness, of anything that is in heaven above). However, this appears to me to be far-fetched.
אאש אוכלה הוא. בלי כ״ף הדמות והטעם כאש אוכלה הוא:
1A DEVOURING FIRE. There is no kaf with the meaning of like prefixed to the word esh (fire). The meaning of esh okhlah hu (a devouring fire) is, like a devouring fire.41 (a devouring fire) should be interpreted as if written, ke-esh okhlah hu (like a devouring fire). I.E. notes this lest anyone take our text to imply any corporeality in God.
באל קנא. לעבודת כוכבים וקנאתו תאכל כאש שלא תעזוב שורש וענף:
2A JEALOUS GOD. With regard to idol worship. His jealousy devours like fire, which does not leave root or branch.
אכי תוליד בנים. אמר אל קנא ואחר כן באר מה יקרה להם אם יעשו פסל:
1WHEN THOU SHALT BEGET CHILDREN. Moses first tells the Israelites that the Lord God is a jealous God. He then tells them what will happen to them if they make an image.
בועשיתם הרע. בשאר המצות כמו לרצוח ולנאוף:
2AND YOU SHALL DEAL CORRUPTLY. With regard to the rest of the commandments such as to murder or to commit adultery.
אהעידותי בכם היום. י״א כי טעם עדות שמים וארץ המלאכים ובני אדם ואחרים אמרו על הגשם כטעם את שמיכם כברזל ואת ארצכם כנחושה והנכון בעיני להיותם עדים שיראום תמיד הם ובניהם כי הם עומדים כטעם כימי השמים על הארץ וכן שמעו הרים את ריב ה'. וכן האבן הזאת תהיה בנו לעדה ושמא יטעון טוען כי שמים כעשן נמלחו וחביריו הטוען ער ולבו ישן:
1I CALL HEAVEN AND EARTH TO WITNESS AGAINST YOU THIS DAY. Some say the witness of heaven and earth refers to the angels and the human beings.42 means I call the angels in heaven and the inhabitants of earth to witness against you. Others say that the reference is to the rain, as in and I will make your heaven as iron, and your earth as brass43 (Lev. 26:19). However, it appears to me that heaven and earth are witnesses, and the Israelites and their children will always see them, for they are everlasting, as in as the days of the heavens above the earth44 means eternally. (Deut. 11:21). Hear, O ye mountains, the Lord’s controversy (Micah 6:2); and Behold, this stone shall be a witness against us (Josh. 24:27) are similar.45 Should one dispute this on the basis of For the heavens shall vanish like smoke46 (Is. 51:6) and the like,47 [then I respond] the one who makes this argument is awake but his heart sleeps.48
בתאבדון. כמו תלמדון בעבור שאיננו סמוך:
2YE SHALL SOON UTTERLY PERISH. The word tovedun (ye shall utterly perish)49. Hence I.E.’s comment. is similar to tilmedun50 (v. 10). Tilmedun is not found in Scripture. See Weiser. (that you may teach).51. The word52. is so vocalized53 rather than a sheva beneath the bet as in yilmedun. because it is not in the construct.54. Compare te’abbedun (ye shall surely destroy) (Deut. 12:2) (Krinsky).
אמתי מספר. פירשתיו:
1FEW IN NUMBER. I have already explained the meaning of mete (few).55 (few) means men of. Anything that can be numbered is deemed a few. See I.E. on Gen. 34:30 (Vol. 1, p. 330).
איראון וישמעון. הזכיר הארבעה הרגשו' ואין צורך להזכיר החמישי' כי היא עבה מכולם ועוד כי היא שורש חיי הגוף ואל תתמה על מלת ובקשתם ומצאת כי ידבר לרבים ולגוי אחד או לאדם אחד:
1WHICH NEITHER SEE, NOR HEAR. Scripture mentions the four senses.56 It is unnecessary to mention the fifth57 because it is thicker58 than the others.59 Furthermore, it is the root of the life of the body.60 Do not be amazed at the terms u-vikashtem (but…ye will seek) and u-matzata (and thou shalt find)61 (but…ye will seek) is plural. U-matzata (and thou shalt find) is singular. We would expect Scripture to be consistent. for Scripture speaks to many, to an entire nation, or to one person.62
אבכל לבבך. עוד אפרשנו:
1WITH ALL THY HEART. I will explain this later.63
אירפך. הפך יחזקך:
1HE WILL NOT FAIL THEE. Yarpekha (fail thee) is the opposite of strengthen thee.64 (fail thee) means will cause you to weaken.
אכי שאל נא. לימים. שאל עתה:
1FOR ASK NOW OF THE DAYS PAST. She’al na means ask now.65 means now. See I.E. on Gen. 12:11 (Vol 1, p. 154).
בלמן היום. הלמ״ד נוסף וכן רבים או היא דרך צחות:
2SINCE THE DAY. The lamed of le-min (since) is superfluous.66 literally means to-from. Hence I.E.’s comment that le-min is to be interpreted as if written from (or since). There are many such examples.67 On the other hand, it may be there for literary purposes.68, and other lameds in our verse.
גולמקצה השמים. רמז לאויר כאשר פירשתי שיש לו קצוות:
3AND FROM THE ONE END OF HEAVEN. Heaven, as I have explained, refers to the air,69 which has ends.70 rather than ketzot ha-shemesh.
דהנהיה. בימיו:
4WHETHER THERE HATH BEEN. In his days.
האו הנשמע כמוהו. ומה הוא ששמע עם:
5OR HATH BEEN HEARD LIKE IT. The reference being to Did ever a people hear…(v. 33).
אאו הנסה אלהים. י״א שהוא לשון חול וחלילה חלילה רק לשון קדושה:
1OR HATH GOD ASSAYED. Some say that Elohim (God) does not refer to the Lord.71 Heaven forbid. It most certainly refers to God.
בהנסה. כדרך בני אדם כדי שיבינו השומעים:
2ASSAYED. Scripture employs human language so that those who hear will understand.
גבמסות. שם כלל או טעמו במסות שהיו באותות כמו ויעש האותות לעיני העם:
3BY TRIALS. This is a general term.72 Or it refers to trials done via signs.73 Compare, and did the signs in the sight of the people (Ex. 4:30).
דובמופתים. עשר מכות וכתיב ומשה ואהרן עשו:
4AND BY WONDERS. The ten plagues. Scripture states, and Moses and Aaron did all these wonders (Ex. 11:10).
הובמלחמה. יתכן על הריגת הבכורים ושפטים באלהי מצרים:
5AND BY WAR. The reference is most probably to the killing of the first-born and to the punishments meted out to the gods of Egypt.74
ווביד חזקה. שיצאו ישראל ביד רמה ובזרוע נטויה על טעם בעמוד אש וענן:
6AND BY A MIGHTY HAND. The reference is to Israel’s departure by high hand.75 The outstretched arm refers to the pillar of fire and the pillar of cloud.
זובמוראים גדולים. טביעת פרעה וחילו עם בקיעת הים לישראל:
7AND BY GREAT TERRORS. The drowning of Pharaoh and his army along with the splitting of the sea on behalf of Israel.
חבמצרים. באנשי מצרים:
8IN EGYPT. To the people of Egypt.
אהראת. מבנין שלא נקרא שם פועלו והטעם כי כל אלה הראך האלהים עד אשר תדע כי הוא האלהים לבדו:
1IT WAS SHOWN. Horeta (it was shown) is a hofal. The meaning of our clause is, God showed you all this so that you will know that He alone is God.
בוטעם אין עוד. כאשר רמזתי בפירוש קהלת בפסוק וגבוהים עליהם על כן מלת אין עוד:
2[THERE IS NONE ELSE.] This is to be understood according to the hint which I gave in my commentary on Koheleth on the verse that reads, for one higher than the high (Eccles. 5:7).76 Hence Scripture reads, There is none else.77
גומלת אלהים פירשתיה בפרשת וישמע יתרו כתוב וידבר אלהים והאלהים יעננו בקול בא האלהים אשר שם האלהים כי המדבר הוא אלהים כי יש מי שלא יבין דרך קצרה והוא סוד עמוק:
3[GOD.] I have explained the meaning of Elohim (God) in the Torah portion And Jethro Heard.78 Scripture states, And God (Elohim) spoke (Ex. 20:1); and God (Elohim) answered him by a voice (Ex. 19:19); God (Elohim) is come (Ex. 20:17); where God (Elohim) was (Ex. 20:18); for Elohim (God) was the speaker.79 [I quoted these verses] because there are some who do not understand when one is being brief.80 It is a deep secret.81. I.E. on Gen. 1:1 (Vol. 1, p. 26) explains that Elohim means angels and that God is referred to as Elohim because God works through the angels. I.E. seems to imply that God revealed himself on Sinai through angels rather than through His own essence.
אליסרך. על כן השמיעך את קולו שתירא ממנו כאשר אמרו ואל ידבר עמנו אלהים פן נמות והנה פחדת בעבור העינים והאזנים ועוד לדבר אחר השמיעך את קולו בעבור כי אהב את אבותיך הם השלשה:
1THAT HE MIGHT INSTRUCT82 (literally, to discipline you). THEE. He made thee to hear Him so that you would fear Him.83 as to put God’s fear in you. Hence his interpretation. This is borne out when Israel said, but let not God speak with us, lest we die (Ex. 20:16). Look, you feared because of what your eyes saw and your ears heard. There was another reason why God made you hear His voice. He did so because He loved your fathers (v. 37), your fathers being three.84 (v. 37) refers to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob.
אויבחר בזרעו. רמז ליעקב כי אם אמר בזרעם יכנסו עמנו שמנה גוים:
1AND CHOSE THEIR SEED. Be-zaro (their seed)85 alludes to Jacob. If Scripture had read be-zaram (their seed), then the eight nations86 would have been included with us.
בויוציאך בפניו. בכעס שכעס על מצרים וי״א כמו ומלאך פניו הושיעם ולפי דעתי שהוא כמו ופניך הולכי' בקרב:
2AND BROUGHT THEE OUT WITH HIS PRESENCE. Befanav (with His presence)87 means with His anger.88 He was angry at Egypt. Others say that panav (presence) here is similar to panav (presence) in And the angel of His presence saved them (Is. 63:9).89 However, I believe that panav (presence) here is similar to panekha (thine own person) in and thou go to battle in thy own person (Josh. 17:11).90 is to be rendered presence. See I.E. on Ex. 33:14 (Vol. 2, p. 688).
אכיום הזה. קרוב מהיום הזה והאמת שהוא רמז על אשר נחלו ארץ ב' מלכי האמורי כי ראובן וגד וחצי שבט מנשה ישראל יקראו וכן כתוב כאשר עשה ישראל לארץ ירושתו ואינו דבר עתיד כאשר פירשוהו רבים והעד למכה מלכים גדולים במזמור הודו לה' כי טוב ולא הזכיר רק סיחון ועוג ואמר נחלה לישראל עבדו ואחר שאמר כי ה' הוא האלהים אין עוד מלבדו אמר טעם נכבד כי הראשון הראי' ממרא' העין ובשקול הדעת ובחכמת הלב תדע כי השם הוא לבדו אלהים בשמים ממעל שהם ממעל בן אדם ועל הארץ שהיא תחתיו והעד כי כן פי' והיו שמיך אשר על ראשך נחשת ואחר שראית הנוראות והשבות אל לבבך אתה חייב לשמור מצותיו גם הוא טוב לך ולבניך אחריך:
1AS IT IS THIS DAY. Close to this day.91 However, it really alludes to their possession of the land of the two Amorite kings, for Reuben, Gad, and the half tribe of Manasseh are called Israel.92 Scripture similarly reads, as Israel did unto the land of his possession (Deut. 2:12). The reference is not to the future, as many explain.93 Proof of the latter is the fact that the psalm which opens with the words, O give thanks unto the Lord, for He is good (Ps. 136) reads, To Him that smote great kings (Ps. 136:17). Now the psalm only mentions Sihon94 and Og95 (Ps. 136:19,20). The psalm says, And gave their land for a heritage…Even a heritage unto Israel96 (Ps. 136:21,22). After stating that the Lord, He is God; there is none else beside Him (v. 35), Moses explains why by giving a very valuable reason. He begins with what the eye sees97 (v. 35). and goes on to logic and the wisdom of the heart.98. I.E.’s point is that Unto thee it was shown, that thou mightest know means what you saw with your eyes convinced your mind that the Lord alone is God. He says, Know that the Lord alone is God in the heavens above, that is, in the heavens which are above human beings99 and upon the earth which is under people. And thy heaven that is over thy head shall be brass [and the earth that is under thee shall be iron] (Deut. 28:23) is proof that this interpretation100 is correct. Now that you have seen the terrors, you shall place in your heart the conviction that you are obligated to observe God’s commandments.101 The observance of God’s precepts will also go well with you and with your children after you.102
אאז יבדיל משה. הטעם ביום שיבדיל משה אלה הערים אז אמר דברי הברית:
1THEN MOSES SEPARATED. This means, on the day that Moses separated these cities, he spoke the words of the covenant.103
אבעבר הירדן בגיא. הוא הר העברים קודם נסעם אל ערבות מואב אע״פ שהר העברים הוא בארץ מואב:
1BEYOND THE JORDAN, IN THE VALLEY. The reference is to Mount Abarim before Israel journeyed to the plains of Moab,104 even though Mount Abarim is in the land of Moab.105