Tanach · Rishonim on Tanach · Ibn Ezra · Torah
Ibn Ezra on Numbers 1/אבן עזרא על במדבר א׳
אבשם אשר פקודי רום ותחת חבר. החל לפרש על הפשט ספר וידבר במדבר סיני. להודיע כי לא עלה משה אל הר סיני אחר היות הכבוד באהל מועד:
1In the name of God who counted those numbered above1. and below;2I begin to explain according to the plain meaningthe Torah portion which begins with va-yedabber.3 (spoke). IN THE WILDERNESS. This verse4. informs us that Moses did not go up to Mount Sinai5 since God’s glory was now present in the tent of meeting.6
בבאחד לחדש השני. לתקן את הדגלים ואיך יסעו ואיך יחנו בעבור המקדש כי בעשרים לחדש השני נסעו:
2ON THE FIRST DAY OF THE SECOND MONTH. To tell him to arrange the standards and to instruct him how the Israelites were to journey and how they were to camp with reference to the tabernacle,7 (with reference to the tabernacle) to be’evre ha-mishkan (on the sides of the tabernacle). for they journeyed on the twentieth day of the second month.8
אשאו את ראש. כמו כי תשא ושם מפורש:
1TAKE YE THE SUM. Se’u et rosh bene yisra’el (take ye the sum of all the congregation of the children of Israel) is similar to ki tissa et rosh bene yisra’el (when thou takest the sum of the children of Israel) (Ex. 30:12). I have explained its meaning there.9 literally means: when you lift up the head. One who takes a census writes the particulars after the sum, which he writes at the top of the page. Thus when Scripture speaks of raising up the head, it means take up the sum.
בלבית אבותם. כי משפחת האם אינה קרואה משפחה:
2BY THEIR FAMILIES BY THEIR FATHER’S HOUSES. For pedigree is not determined by the mother.10 with by their fathers’ houses.
גלגלגלותם. פירשתיו:
3BY THEIR POLLS. I have already explained the meaning of gulgelotam (their polls).11 (their polls) literally means their skulls. In his short commentary (S.C.) on Exodus, I.E. explains that the word gulgolet means a head. The head is so called because it is round. Compare, galgal (wheel, i.e., a round object). See I.E. on Ex. 16:16 (S.C.).
אבישראל. להוציא ערב רב:
1IN ISRAEL. This excludes the mixed multitude.12
אאיש ראש. דרך קצרה והראוי להיות איש איש:
1EVERY ONE HEAD OF HIS FATHERS’ HOUSE. Ish rosh le-vet avotav (every one head of his fathers’ house) is an abridged phrase. The text should have read, ish ish rosh le-vet avotav (every one head of his fathers’ house).13 (a man of every tribe). Hence, in keeping with the rules of parallelism, the second part of the verse should read, ish ish rosh le-vet avotav hu) (every one head of his father’s house).
אלראובן. החל מהבכור כטעם ולא להתיחס לבכורה:
1OF REUBEN. Scripture begins with Jacob’s first-born,14 as it is stated, yet not so that he was to be reckoned in the genealogy as first-born (I Chron. 5:1).15
אלבני יוסף. אחר בני לאה בעבור כבוד רחל על השפחות והחל מאפרים על דרך יעקב אבינו והקדים אפרים ומנשה על בנימין כי הם מקום יוסף ואחר כן החל מדן שהוא בכור השפחות ואחריו אשר כי השם ידע שהוא יהיה ראש החונים על דגל דן ואחר כן גד כי הוא בכור שפחת לאה:
1OF THE CHILDREN OF JOSEPH. The children of Joseph are mentioned after the children of Leah because Rachel’s status was greater than that of the handmaids.16 Scripture begins with Ephraim, in keeping with the actions of our father Jacob.17 Scripture places Ephraim and Manasseh18 before Benjamin because they are in place of Joseph.19 Scripture then begins with Dan,20 who was the first-born of the handmaids.21 Asher follows Dan22 because God knew that Asher would be the head of those who camp under the standard of Dan.23 Scripture then mentions Gad because he was the first-born of Leah’s handmaid.24
אקרואי העדה. הטעם שהעדה לא יעשו דבר עד שיקראום:
1THESE WERE THE ELECT OF THE CONGREGATION. The meaning of keru’e ha-edah (the elect of the congregation)25 is that the congregation does nothing unless they are called.
במטות אבותם. הטעם על השבטים והנה כל אחד נשיא שבט:
2THE TRIBES OF THEIR FATHERS. The meaning of mattot avotam is the tribes of their fathers. Thus each one26 was prince of a tribe.
גראשי אלפי ישראל. כל אחד ראש על כל אלפי השבט כי יש שר לאלף:
3THEY WERE THE HEADS OF THE THOUSANDS OF ISRAEL. Each one was a leader over all the thousands that comprised a tribe, for there was also a chief over one thousand.27 (chief). See Ex. 18:21, sarei alafim (rulers over thousands). Also see I Sam. 17:8, sar ha-elef (the captain of their thousand). Each one listed in verses 5-15 was the head of all the captains of the thousands of their respective tribes.
אויקח משה ואהרן. עמם:
1AND MOSES AND AARON TOOK. With them.
בהאנשים אשר נקבו. שהם מפורשים כמו אשר פי ה' יקבנו:
2THAT ARE POINTED OUT BY NAME. Nikkevu means that are pointed out. Compare, yikkvennu (mark out) in Which the mouth of the Lord shall mark out (Is. 62:2).
אויתילדו. בקשו מתי נולדו בעבור חשבון כ' שנה אז נכתבו תולדתם:
1AND THEY DECLARED THEIR PEDIGREES. They were asked for their birth dates,28 (and they declared their pedigrees). I.E. translates this as: they gave their birth dates. for only those from twenty and above were to be counted. Their progeny were then recorded.29. 38 reads, “Or, their progeny were recorded.” According to this interpretation, va-yityalledu means: and they declared their children.
אויפקדם. משה שהוא העיקר והחל מראובן כי הוא הבכור ואחריו שמעון הנולד אחריו ואחריו גד בכור שפחת לאה והנה דגל ראובן ואחר כך דגל יהודה ואחר כך דגל אפרים ואחר כך דגל דן והחונים על כל דגל ודגל כאשר הם בחנוכת המזבח ודע כי אחר שהיו כל השבטים שנים עשר שיצא לוי והיו ליוסף בנים שנים ורוחות העולם ארבע הנה לכל רוח שלשה והנה יש ללאה חמשה בנים יחסר האחד ויהיו לה שני דגלים השלימו הדגל עם בכור שפחתה ושמוהו עם דגל ראובן שהוא גם בכור והדגל השני ליהודה והחונים עליו אחיו הקטנים ממנו ולרחל דגל בפני עצמה ואפרים מקום יוסף הוא קודם מנשה כדברי יעקב והדגל הרביעי לשפחת רחל שהוא הבכור שלה ואחריו אשר ואם הוא קטן בשנים מנפתלי בעבור היות הדגל לבן שפחת רחל שם זאת המעלה לבן שפחת לאה ואם תסתכל היטב אז תדע כי הראש הוא הדרום והזנב הוא הצפון ולא אוכל לפרש על כן ראובן בדרום כי הוא הראש ודן בצפון ודע כי לא היו גבורים בשבטים כשבט יהודה הנמשל לגור אריה וכשבט דן הנמשל כן בדברי משה על כן היו הם בראשונה ובאחרונה. והזכיר לגלגלותם בראובן גם בשמעון להורות על האחרים כי הכתוב אחז דרך קצרה:
1SO DID HE NUMBER THEM. The reference is to Moses,30 (so did he count them) is in the singular. Hence I.E.’s comment. who was the most important.31 Scripture begins32 with Reuben,33 as he was the first-born. Simeon is next34 because he was born after Reuben. Gad the first-born of Leah’s handmaid,35 follows. We thus have Reuben’s standard.36 Next37 comes the standard of Judah,38 followed by the standard of Ephraim39 and the standard of Dan.40 Those who camped around each standard did so in the same manner in which they offered the sacrifices dedicating the altar. Note, there were twelve tribes,41 for Levi was not counted and Joseph’s two sons were. Now the world has four sides.42 Behold, three tribes camped on each one of the four sides.43 Now Leah had five sons,44 for one of her six sons45 was not counted. She had two standards.46 They [Moses and Aaron] completed one of her standards47 with [Gad] the first-born of her handmaid.48 They placed Gad with the standard of Reuben, who was also a first-born. Judah made up the second standard [of Leah]. His younger brothers camped with him.49 Rachel had a standard of her own.50 Ephraim was in place of Joseph. He preceded Manasseh, in keeping with the words of Jacob.51 The fourth standard was that of Rachel’s handmaid. It was led by [Dan] her first-born.52 Asher followed53 even though he was younger than Naphtali.54 The son of Leah’s handmaid55 was so honored because the standard belonged to Rachel’s handmaid.56 If you look carefully into things, you will know that the south is the head and the north the tail.57 I cannot explain the aforementioned.58 Reuben was therefore placed in the south59 because he was the head.60 Dan was placed in the north.61 Observe, there was no one among the tribes comparable in might to Judah, who was compared to a lion’s whelp (Gen. 49:9),62 and to the tribe of Dan, who is likewise compared to a lion by Moses.63 These tribes were thus first and last.64 Scripture mentions by their polls (le-gulgelotam) with regard to Reuben65 and also with regard to Simeon66 to show that it was the same case with the other tribes,67 for Scripture was being brief.
אופירוש ויהיו כל פקודי בני ישראל. שלא נפקדו רק מי שהוא מבן עשרים שנה ואחר כך ויהיו כל הפקודים בכללם:
1[AND ALL THOSE THAT WERE NUMBERED OF THE CHILDREN OF ISRAEL BY THEIR FATHERS’ HOUSES, FROM TWENTY YEARS OLD AND UPWARD.] It means that only those who were aged twenty and above were counted. Scripture then goes on to say,68 even all those that were numbered. The latter refers to their69 total number.70
אהתפקדו. משני בנינים. כי הוא בנין התפעל ועם בנין שלא נקרא שם פועלו:
1WERE NOT NUMBERED AMONG THEM. The word hotpakdu (were not numbered) is of two forms. It is both a hitpa’el and a hofal.71 and tav placed in front of the root is the sign of the hitpa’el. The kamatz katan placed beneath the heh is the sign of the hofal.
אאך את מטה לוי. פירוש לא התפקדו כי השם צוה כן:
1HOWBEIT THE TRIBE OF LEVI THOU SHALT NOT NUMBER. This explains were not numbered (v. 47),72 that the Levites were not numbered because this is what God commanded.
בואת ראשם לא תשא. כללם כאשר פירשתי:
2NEITHER SHALT THOU TAKE THE SUM OF THEM. Their total number, as I have explained.73 (neither shalt thou take the sum of them). This literally means neither shalt thou lift up their heads. I.E. earlier noted that to lift up the head means to write the total sum at the top of a page. See I.E.’s comment on verse 2.
אואתה הפקד את הלוים. באר למה לא התפקדו כי פקודת המשכן עליהם על כן לא יצאו בצבא:
1BUT APPOINT THOU THE LEVITES OVER THE TABERNACLE. Scripture explains here why the Levites were not counted. They were not counted because the charge of the tabernacle was upon them. Therefore they did not serve in the army.74
במשכן העדת. הוא אהל מועד והמשכן לארון ששם העדות:
2THE TABERNACLE OF THE TESTIMONY. The reference is to the tent of meeting and the tabernacle of the ark, which contains the testimony.75) (Weiser). Vat. Ebr. 38 reads: The tabernacle of testimony refers to the ark wherein the testimonies are (that is, the tablets on which the ten commandments were written).
גועל כל כליו. כמנורה והשלחן והמזבחות:
3AND OVER ALL THE FURNITURE76, which means articles, utensils, or vessels. This is the way I.E. interprets the term. THEREOF. Such as the menorah, the table, and the altars.
דועל כל אשר לו. הם כלי הכלים:
4AND OVER ALL THAT BELONGETH TO IT. The reference is the utensils which serve the furniture.77
ההמה ישאו. הם הם הנושאים בנסוע המחנה והם המשרתים בחנותם וסביב המשכן יחנו:
5AND THEY SHALL BEAR THE TABERNACLE. They are the very ones who carry the tabernacle when the camp journeys, and they are the ones who shall minister unto the tabernacle when they camp. They shall camp around the tabernacle.
אובנסוע המשכן יורידו אותו. להסיר הבריחים והעמודים ובחנותו הם יקימוהו:
1AND WHEN THE TABERNACLE SETTETH FORWARD, THE LEVITES SHALL TAKE IT DOWN. They shall remove its bars and posts. When the tabernacle rests, they shall set it up.
בוהזר. מבני לוי ואם הוא ישראל יומת ובית דין ימיתוהו:
2AND THE COMMON MAN.78 is a stranger. Hence I.E.’s interpretation. A person who is not a Levite, even if he is an Israelite. SHALL BE PUT TO DEATH. A law court shall put him to death.
אוטעם וחנו בני ישראל. כשיחנו בני ישראל:
1[AND THE CHILDREN OF ISRAEL SHALL PITCH.] Its meaning is, “when” the children of Israel shall pitch.79. However, the command to set up standards had not yet been given. Hence I.E.’s interpretation
באיש על מחנהו. הטעם כל שבט:
2EVERY MAN WITH HIS OWN CAMP. The meaning of every man is each tribe.80 in our verse is each and every man.
גוטעם איש על דגלו. שלא יתערב שבט דגל עם שבט דגל:
3[AND EVERY MAN WITH HIS OWN STANDARD.] Its meaning is that the tribe of one standard shall not be mixed with the tribe of another standard.
אוהלוים יחנו סביב. פי' הכתוב למעלה למה יחנו סביב שלא יקרב אל המשכן אחד מעדת בני ישראל וימות וזה טעם ולא יהיה קצף כעוזא שנגע בארון ושם כתוב ויחר אף ה' בעוזא:
1BUT THE LEVITES SHALL PITCH ROUND ABOUT THE TABERNACLE OF TESTIMONY. Our verse explains why the earlier verse81 stated that the Levites were to encamp round about the tabernacle:82 (v. 50). Our verse explains why the earlier verse stated that the Levites were to encamp round about the tabernacle.” so that no one from the congregation of Israel should draw close to the tabernacle and die. This is the meaning of that there be no wrath upon…the children of Israel, as there was in the case of Uzzah, who touched the ark.
בוטעם על עדת בני ישראל. אחד מעדתם וכן ויקבר בערי גלעד עיר בן אתונות ורבים כמוהם:
2Scripture there states, And the anger of the Lord was kindled against Uzzah (II Sam. 6:7). The meaning of upon the congregation of the children of Israel is, upon anyone from the children of Israel.83 It is similar to and was buried in the cities of Gilead84 (Jud. 12:7)85, for Jephthah was not buried in all the cities of Gilead. and Even upon a colt the foal of asses86 (Zech. 9:9).87. There are many such cases.
גושמרו הלוים. מצוה עליהם לשמור המשכן:
3AND THE LEVITES SHALL KEEP THE CHARGE. The Levites are obligated to guard the tabernacle.
אויעשו בני ישראל. שלא נגעו במשכן לעולם:
1THUS DID THE CHILDREN OF ISRAEL. They never touched the tabernacle.