Tanach · Rishonim on Tanach · Ibn Ezra · Torah

Ibn Ezra on Numbers 3/אבן עזרא על במדבר ג׳

אואלה תולדות אהרן ומשה. הטעם שלא הולידו בניהם ולא הוסיפו בקרוב מעשרה חדשים כאשר דבר ה' עם משה בהר סיני בעלותו להתכפר על מעשה העגל אז נבחר שבט לוי ואמר השם למשה הקרב את מטה לוי גם פרשת ואני הנה לקחתי וכאשר הוקם המשכן אמר השם פקוד את בני לוי והשכינה במשכן על כן כתב במדבר סיני והנה היו תולדות אהרן ומשה במדבר סיני כאשר היו בהר סיני רק חסרו שני בני אהרן על כן אמרתי כי הלוים לא נתנו כפר נפשם כי כן כתוב לכל העובר על הפקודים ויש אומרים כי לא פקדם משה טרם עשות המשכן רק ידע פקודיהם בדרך נבואה והכתוב יכחישם והוא כי תשא:
1NOW THESE ARE THE GENERATIONS OF AARON AND MOSES. Scripture states this1 because it wants to inform us that their offspring did not beget children and did not increase2 in close to ten months.3 God chose the tribe of Levi at the time God spoke to Moses on Mount Sinai, when Moses ascended to atone for the making of the golden calf. God then said to Moses, Bring the tribe of Levi near (v. 6). The Lord then also related all that is contained in the section4 that opens with And I, behold, I have taken the Levites from among the children of Israel (v. 12). When the tabernacle was erected, God told Moses, Number the children of Levi (v. 15). God’s presence was then manifest in the tabernacle. Scripture therefore reads, in the wilderness of Sinai (v. 14).5 Now the descendants of Aaron and Moses in the wilderness of Sinai numbered the same as they did at Mount Sinai. However, two sons of Aaron were missing.6I therefore7 said that the Levites did not give a ransom for their souls, for Scripture clearly states, for every one that passed over to them that are numbered (Ex. 38:26). Some say that Moses did not count the Israelites before the tabernacle was constructed. He knew their number only by way of prophecy. However, Scripture contradicts them. It clearly states, When thou takest the sum of the children of Israel (Ex. 30:11).
אהמשחים. בשמן המשחה. שהיו כהנים גדולים:
1THE PRIESTS THAT WERE ANOINTED. With the anointing oil, for they were high priests.8) gave the sons of Aaron the status of high priests.
בולא הניחו בנים גדולים או קטנים על כן חסר ממספר הלוים כי הגדולים יתכן שיולידו:
2[AND THEY HAD NO CHILDREN.]9 appears in verse 4, but I.E. comments upon it here. They did not leave behind any grown or small children. Therefore the Levites were lacking in number,10 for it is possible for the grown children to beget children.11
אעל פני. פירשתיו:
1IN THE PRESENCE OF. I have previously explained the meaning of al pene (in the presence of).12 means in the presence of. The literal meaning of al pene is, upon the face of.
אלפני אהרן הכהן. שהוא נגיד השבט. ופירוש והעמדת הוא ושרתו וכן חי ה' אשר עמדתי לפניו:
1BEFORE AARON THE PRIEST. Who was the prince of the tribe. The meaning of ve-ha’amadt (and set them)13 is, that they may minister. As the Lord liveth, before whom I stand (amadti) (II Kings 5:16) is similar.14.
אואת משמרת כל העדה. בקרבנות:
1AND THE CHARGE OF THE WHOLE CONGREGATION. In the offering of sacrifices.
אואת משמרת בני ישראל שישמרו שלא יגע ישראלי אל המשכן:
1AND THE CHARGE OF THE CHILDREN OF ISRAEL. They will make sure that an Israelite does not enter the tabernacle.
אנתונים. לעולם או הם ובניהם העובדים תחתם:
1THEY ARE WHOLLY GIVEN UNTO HIM. Forever. Or to them and their descendants who take their place.15 (wholly given). This literally means, given given. I.E.’s first interpretation is that the repetition of the tern netunim indicates forever. His second interpretation is that the first netunim refers to them, and the second to their children.
בלאהרן ולבניו. הנמצאים ועומדים תחתיהם:
2UNTO AARON AND TO HIS SONS. Both those who are presently alive and those who will arise after them.
גמאת בני ישראל. להיותם מובדלים:
3FROM THE CHILDREN OF ISRAEL. To be separated from the children of Israel.
אואת אהרן ואת בניו. ובכלל בניו בני בניו תפקדם לתת פקודה לכל אחד והם ישמרו את כהנתם שלא יבואו לידי פסולות:
1AND THOU SHALT APPOINT AARON AND HIS SONS. His sons includes the sons of his sons. The meaning of and thou shalt appoint (tifkod) is, you shall appoint each one of them.16 can meant to count. Hence I.E.’s comment. The meaning of that they may keep their priesthood is that they not do anything that will disqualify them from being priests.
בוהזר הקרב. לכהן להיות עם כהנתם ישראלי או לוי יומת ופרשת ואני הנה לקחתי גם היא דבקה כי יש בתורה פרשיות דבקות בטעם ואם הם מפורשות כמו ויהי כאשר תמו כל אנשי המלחמה כן ויהי ביום דבר ה' אל משה:
2AND THE COMMON MAN THAT DRAWETH NIGH. To the priest, to serve as a priest. [SHALL BE PUT TO DEATH.] An Israelite or a Levite who serves as a priest shall be put to death. The chapter that opens with the words And I, behold, I have taken the Levites17 is also18 connected to the chapter which preceded it,19 for the Torah contains chapters that are separated but are connected by content. Similarly, Moreover the hand of the Lord was against them, to discomfit them from the midst of the camp, until they were consumed (Deut. 2:15),20 and, And it came to pass on the day when the Lord spoke unto Moses in the land of Egypt (Ex. 6:28).21
אלקחתי. מעלה גדולה ללוים:
1AND I, BEHOLD, I HAVE TAKEN THE LEVITES. The Levites have been greatly elevated.
בבכור. דבק אל פטר:
2FIRST-BORN. Bekhor (first-born) is connected to peter (openeth).22
גוהיו לי הלוים. מקודשים לי:
3AND THE LEVITES SHALL BE MINE. They shall be holy unto Me.
אכי לי כל בכור. והטעם כי גם הבכורים לי הם:
1FOR ALL THE FIRST-BORN ARE MINE. Its meaning is, for also the first-born are Mine.
בביום הכותי טעמו זמן וכן רבים:
2ON THE DAY THAT I SMOTE. This means at the time that I smote.23 There are many such cases.24
גלי יהיו. טעמו לי הם ולי יהיו כי כל בכור מאדם יפדה וכן כל בכור הבהמה הטמאה:
3MINE THEY SHALL BE. This means they are Mine and they shall be Mine,25 for all human first-born and similarly the first-born of unclean cattle26 shall be redeemed.
אמבן חדש ומעלה. עד שוב המחבר' או על קרוב מהמקום הראשון זה אל זה והמשכיל יבין:
1FROM A MONTH OLD AND UPWARD. Until the sun and moon are once again in conjunction,27) (Rabbi Joseph Tov Elem). or until the moon returns to its approximate place of departure28 and its original position and its present place are near each other.29 The intelligent person will understand this.30
אגרשון. כי הוא הבכור ובדברי הימים נמצא עם מ"ם תחת נו"ן:
1GERSHON. For he was the first-born. In Chronicles the name is spelled with a mem31 in place of a nun (I Chron. 6:1).
אלגרשון משפחת הלבני. פירושו אלה שתי המשפחות מספרם כך:
1OF GERSHON WAS THE FAMILY OF THE LIBNITES, AND THE FAMILY OF THE SHIMEITES. Its meaning is, these two families numbered the following amount.32
אאחרי המשכן. כמו אחורי וכן אחור וקדם:
1BEHIND THE TABERNACLE. Achare (behind) means the same as achore (behind).33 literally means after. Thus achare ha-mishkan literally means after the tabernacle. Hence I.E.’s comment. Compare, achor va-kedem (behind and before) (Ps. 139:5).34 means behind, for kedem means front.
בימה. בעבור שהוא הים הגדול הספרדי בארץ ישראל לפאת מערב:
2WESTWARD. The term employed for westward is yamah because the great Spanish sea35. lies west of the Land of Israel.
אהמשכן. הם עשר יריעות:
1THE TABERNACLE. The reference is to the ten curtains.36
בוהאהל. עשתי עשרה יריעות:
2THE TENT. The reference is to the eleven curtains.37
גמכסהו. ומכסה מכסהו בכלל:
3THE COVERING THEREOF. The covering which covered the cover is included.38
אאשר על המשכן. שהוא בפנים החצר:
1WHICH IS BY THE TABERNACLE. Which is inside the court.
בועל המזבח. שהוא חוץ למשכן:
2AND BY THE ALTAR. Which is outside the tabernacle.39
גוטעם סביב. שאין שם מקום חסר כפרץ שאין שם מסך:
3[ROUND ABOUT.] Its meaning is that there was no place40 that was not enclosed; there was no opening that was uncovered.
דלכל עבודתו. עוד אפרשנו:
4EVEN WHATSOEVER PERTAINETH TO THE SERVICE THEREOF. I will explain this later.41
אמשמרת הקדש. הוא הארון ונקרא קדש כנגד המשכן כאשר פירשתי:
1KEEPERS OF THE CHARGE OF THE HOLY.42. J.P.S. renders it as the sanctuary. The reference is to the ark. The ark, as I have previously explained,43 is referred to as the holy, in contrast to the tabernacle.
אתימנה. ובעבור שבני קהת נכבדים מכל בני לוי הושם קהת בימין כי הוא נכבד מהשמאל ומהאחור ואין אחר מזרח נכבד ממנו ובעבור שהיה גרשון בכור לוי יש לו מעלה גדולה על מררי כי הוא נושא את הקדש כנגד משא מררי על כן חנה גרשון במערב כמו דגל אפרים ומררי בצפון כדגל דן שהוא בכור השפחה והנה הקהתים מצד דגל ראובן על כן התחבר קרח עם דתן ואבירם ועוד אפרשנו:
1SOUTHWARD. Kohath was placed at the right44 because he was the most important of all the sons of Levi, and the right is more important than the left45 or the back.46 There is no side, with the exception of the east,47 more important. Gershon had an advantage over Merari, for Gershon was the first-born of Levi. Hence he carried that which was holy,48 that is above it. See Num. 4:25. in contrast to what Merari carried.49 Gershon50 therefore camped on the west,51 like the standard of Ephraim.52 Merari camped on the north53 like Dan,54 who was the son of the handmaid. Now the Kohathites camped next to the banner of Reuben. Korah55 therefore joined with Dathan and Abiram.56 I will explain this later.
אוהמזבחות. שניהם:
1AND THE ALTARS. Both of them.57
בוכלי הקדש אשר ישרתו בהם. הם כלי המנורה והשלחן והמזבחות ורבים השתבשו בפירוש והמסך וכל עבודתו והאמת ברורה שהוא מסך פתח אהל מועד:
2AND THE VESSELS OF THE SANCTUARY WHEREWITH THE PRIESTS MINISTER. The reference is to the vessels of the menorah, the table, and the altars. Many erred in explaining the meaning of and the screen,58 and all that pertaineth to the service thereof. It is clearly true that the reference is to the screen of the door of the tent of meeting.
גוכל עבודתו מיתריו:
3AND ALL THAT PERTAINETH TO THE SERVICE THEREOF. Its cords.
אונשיא נשיאי הלוי. שהם שלשה גם מלת נשיאי הלוי מושכת עצמה ואחרת עמה כמו לא רבים יחכמו וכן הוא נשיאי פקודת שומרי משמרת הקודש והטעם כי אלו שלשה פקידים על השומרים שהם הלוים:
1PRINCE OF THE PRINCES OF THE LEVITES. There were three princes of Levi.59 The term nesi’e (princes) in the phrase nesi’e ha-levi (princes of Levi) applies to the word levi and also to another word.60 (having the oversight of) in the second part of our verse. It is like the word lo (not) in It is not the great that are wise (Job 32:9).61. According to I.E. the word lo is carried over to the second half of the sentence, which is to interpreted, and the aged do not (lo) discern judgment. The second part of our verse is to be interpreted as if written the princes having the oversight of them that keep the charge of the sanctuary.62 Its meaning is that these three princes had oversight over the keepers of the charge of the sanctuary, who were Levites.
אויתכן היות צפונה. מגזרת צפנת ליראיך וצפון לצדיק כי אין בנגב שום דבר:
1NORTHWARD. It is possible that the word tzafonah (northward) is derived from the word tzafanta (laid up) in Thou hast laid up for them that fear Thee (Ps. 31:20) and from the word tzafon (laid up) in laid up for the righteous (Prov. 13:22). The north is so called because there is nothing in the south.63
אקדמה מזרחה. הוא מזרחה שמש במקום התחברות העגלות והנה במזרח אהל משה ואהל אהרן ואהל בניו ובני בניו וכל ביתם:
1EASTWARD…TOWARD THE SUNRISING. Mizrachah means toward the sunrising. It refers to the place where the circles64 (wagons). Vat. Ebr. 38 reads, agulot (circles). It isn’t clear what I.E. is referring to. Meijler suggests that the reference is to where the heaven and earth appear to touch, i.e., the horizon. For other interpretations, see Weiser and Krinsky. come together. Observe, the tent of Moses, the tent of Aaron, and the tent of his children and his children’s children and all their entire households were in the east.65
בוהזר הקרב. אל מקום הקדש והנה כל הלוים סביבות המשכן לשמור אותו:
2AND THE COMMON MAN THAT DREW NIGH. To the holy place.66 Note, all the Levites camped around the tabernacle in order to guard it.
אשנים ועשרים אלף. מכלל וכשאתה מחבר הפרטים תמצא שיותירו שלש מאות ויש אומרים כי הכתוב אחז דרך קצרה להזכיר האלפים ועזב המאות וזה לא יתכן בעבור מספר העודפים שהם פחותים משלש מאות והאמת דברי הקבלה אין בכור מפקיע בכור ויהיה פירוש הפסוק כל פקודי הלוים חוץ מהבכורים. ויהודה הפרסי דקדק להביא ראיה מהמספר כי בכורי הלוים הם חלק משלשה ושבעים מלוים וכשאתה לוקח במספר הזה מפקודי ישראל ואחר כן תקח כמספר פקודי הלוים הבאים לצבא כנגד פקודי הלוים מבן חדש יהיו קרובים ולא אמר כלום כי ישראל נפקדו מבן עשרים שנה ואין קצב אחרת והלוים נפקדו מבן שלשים ועד בן חמישים ויש ביניהם הפרש גדול רק נסמוך על דברי הקבלה:
1WERE TWENTY AND TWO THOUSAND. In all. When you add up the figures you will find that they come to three hundred above the figure given in Scripture.67 Some say that Scripture is being brief and mentions only the thousands and neglects the hundreds.68 However, this cannot be the case. Scripture mentions less than three hundred over and above a round number.69 The truth is in accordance with tradition which states that a first-born does not free a first-born.70 4a. In other words, there were 300 first-born who were Levites. These 300 did not free Israelites from the necessity of redemption, because they had to free themselves. The meaning of our verse thus is, all that were numbered of the Levites with the exception of the first-born [were twenty and two thousand]. Judah the Persian71 calculated to prove, from the number that the first-born of the Levites were one seventy-third of the Levites.72 He went on to say that if you divide the number of Israelites73 by seventy-three,74 and take the number of Levites who came to serve in the tabernacle75 rather than the number of Levites age one month and above,76 then the number will be close.77 However, all this is nothing. The Israelites were counted from twenty and above. No other fixed unit was used.78 However, the Levites were counted from twenty to fifty. There is a large difference between them.79 We will rely only on tradition.80
אפקוד כל בכור זכר. הנה זכר שם התאר:
1NUMBER ALL THE FIRST-BORN MALES. Note that males is an adjective.81) qualifies first-born.
אואת בהמת הלוים. שלא יפסידו הלוים ובכור כל בהמה גם הוא לשם:
1AND THE CATTLE OF THE LEVITES.82 So that the Levites do not lose. The firstlings among the cattle are also for the Lord.83
אקח את הלוים. פעם אחרת כאילו אמר כאשר תקח את הלוים יהיו העודפים פדיום ונסמכה מלת פדויי אל המספר וכמוהו רבים יש מכחישים אמרו מזה נלמוד כי פדיון כל בכור חמשה שקלים ואינו ראיה כי זאת מצוה בפני עצמה והאמת דברי קבלה:
1TAKE THE LEVITES. A second time.84 It is as if it stated, when you take the Levites, then those who are over and above will be redeemed.85 The word peduye (redemption of) is connected to the number.86. Now a word is usually not in the construct with a number. We thus say, shene chakahamim (two wise men), not chakhme shenaim (wise men of two) (Filwarg). Hence I.E.’s comment. There are many other such instances. The disputers say87 (there are those who dispute). This is a term usually applied to Karaites. However, in view of the fact that what the alleged disputers say is not in contradiction to tradition, it is hard to understand why I.E. refers to them as disputers. Indeed, Motot suggests changing the reading to yesh mefareshim (some interpret), and Vat. Ebr. 38 reads, Some say. Meijler suggest that the disputers also brought proof from this that (contrary to halakha) the first-born of Levites require redemption, for the first-born of the Levites did not exempt the first-born of Israel for all time. that here we learn that the redemption price of every first-born is five shekels. However, there is no proof here,88 for this commandment stands by itself.89 The truth is in keeping with tradition.90
אהפדיום. במ"ם תחת נו"ן כמו גרשון:
1REDEMPTION. Pidyom (redemption) is spelled with a mem in place of a nun.91. Compare, Gershon.92 has been substituted for a mem. See I.E. on verse 17.