Tanach · Acharonim on Tanach · Or HaChaim · Torah

Or HaChaim on Exodus 23:24/אור החיים על שמות כ״ג:כ״ד

אלֹא תִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה וְגוֹ׳. צָרִיךְ לָדַעַת לָמָּה הֻצְרַךְ לְצַוּוֹת לָזֶה אַחַר שֶׁהִזְהִיר כַּמָּה אַזְהָרוֹת עַל כִּעוּר זֶה וְעַל הַדּוֹמֶה לוֹ, וּמַה גַּם שֶׁבְּסָמוּךְ לְמַעְלָה הִזְהִיר אֲפִלּוּ עַל בַּל יִשָּׂא אֶת שְׁמוֹתָם עַל שְׂפָתָיו, וְלֹא לִגְרֹם שֶׁיִּזְכְּרוּ שְׁמָם הַזּוּלַת, דִּכְתִיב (שמות כג:יג) ״וְלֹא יִשָּׁמַע עַל פִּיךָ״, אִם כֵּן מַה מָקוֹם לְהַזְהִיר עוֹד עַל הָעֲבוֹדָה. וְרַמְבַּ״ן יִשֵּׁב כִּי לֶהֱיוֹתָהּ חֲמוּרָה יַרְבֶּה בָּהּ הָאַזְהָרוֹת, וּמִן הַתֵּימַה הוּא שֶׁאַחַר שֶׁהִשְׁוָה אוֹתָהּ לְכָל הַתּוֹרָה כֻּלָּהּ כָּאָמוּר לְמַעְלָה בֵּין לְעִנְיַן עֹנֶשׁ בֵּין לְעִנְיַן שָׂכָר, הִנֵּה הָעוֹבְדָהּ עוֹבֵר עַל תַּרְיַ״ג אַזְהָרוֹת, וּמַה גַּם שֶׁיֵּשׁ מִצְווֹת שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהֶם שְׁנֵי לָאוִין וְיוֹתֵר, וּמִצְוָה זוֹ שְׁקוּלָה כְּנֶגֶד הַכֹּל.
1 לא תשתחוה לאלוהיהם, "Do not bow down to their deities, etc." Why did the Torah have to record this prohibition once more when it has already been recorded several times? Seeing that the Torah just forbade even mentioning the name of these deities why was there any need to state once more that one must not bow down to them? Nachmanides writes that the more serious a sin the more frequently the Torah warns us not to commit it. This is not very satisfactory in light of the fact that Nachmanides has himself equated the sin of idol worship as equivalent to a violation of all the commandments of the Torah both with respect to the punishment due, and for the reward due for rejecting such idol worship. Seeing a person who bowed down to idols has already been guilty of violating 613 commandments, what point is there in adding one more commandment for such a person to violate?
בוְנִרְאֶה לוֹמַר כִּי טַעַם הַכָּתוּב הוּא לְשָׁלֹשׁ סִבּוֹת: הָאֶחָד, לֶהֱיוֹת שֶׁרָצָה לְהַזְהִיר שֶׁלֹּא יִדְמֶה לְהָאֻמּוֹת בְּמַעֲשֵׂיהֶם, לָזֶה אִם לֹא הָיָה מַקְדִּים לוֹמַר ״לֹא תִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה וְלֹא תָעָבְדֵם״ לֹא יַעֲלֶה עַל דַּעַת אֱנוֹשׁ לוֹמַר שֶׁיְּכַוֵּן הַכָּתוּב לוֹמַר עַל מַעֲשֵׂה חוֹל שֶׁאֵין בּוֹ עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה שֶׁאָסוּר, וּבְהֶכְרֵחַ לוֹמַר שֶׁאֵינוֹ אוֹמֵר אֶלָּא עַל מַעֲשֵׂה אִסּוּר שֶׁהוּא עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה. אַךְ אַחַר שֶׁאָמַר לֹא תִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה וְלֹא תָעָבְדֵם, בָּזֶה גִּלָּה דַּעְתּוֹ כִּי מַה שֶׁאָמַר לֹא תַעֲשֶׂה כְּמַעֲשֵׂיהֶם הוּא אֲפִלּוּ דָּבָר שֶׁאֵינוֹ נִכָּר שֶׁיֵּשׁ בּוֹ עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה, וְהוּא שֶׁלֹּא יִדְמֶה לָהֶם לֹא בְּמַלְבּוּשֵׁיהֶם וְלֹא בְּתִגְלַחְתָּם כְּלָל, וְכָאן נִכְלָל כָּל שֶׁהוּא מְיֻחָד לְמַעֲשֵׂה הַגּוֹיִם כָּאָמוּר בְּדִבְרֵיהֶם זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (שבת סז,א). וְהַשֵּׁנִי, לְהוֹדִיעֵנוּ בָּא כִּי כָל מַעֲשֵׂיהֶם יֵשׁ בּוֹ עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה, כִּי ה׳ יוֹדֵעַ מַחְשְׁבוֹת בְּנֵי אָדָם וִיסוֹד כָּל דָּבָר, וְאִם כֵּן כָּל הָעוֹשֶׂה מַעֲשֵׂה גּוֹיִם הֲרֵי זֶה טוֹעֵם מֵעֲוֹן עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה. וְהַשְּׁלִישִׁי, לֶהֱיוֹת שֶׁרָצָה לְצַוּוֹת עַל הֲרִיסָתָם וְשִׁבְרוֹנָם, לָזֶה קָדַם לוֹמַר לֹא תִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה וְגוֹ׳, לוֹמַר שֶׁאִם לֹא הָרַס וְלֹא שִׁבֵּר הֲרֵי הוּא כְּעוֹבֵד עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה, כִּי ה׳ תּוֹפֵס עַל הַמַּחְשָׁבָה בַּעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה, וּצְרִיכִין הֶכֵּר לִשְׁלִילַת מַחְשֶׁבֶת עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה מִלִּבָּם, וְאֵין הֶכֵּר אֶלָּא בְּשַׁבֵּר מַצֵּבוֹתֵיהֶם, וְאִם לֹא יַעֲשׂוּ כֵן הֲרֵי הֵם כְּעוֹבְדֵי עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה וְזֶה לְךָ הָאוֹת. וְלָזֶה הֻצְרַךְ לוֹמַר לֹא תִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה וְלֹא תָעָבְדֵם וְגוֹ׳ כִּי הָרֵס, לוֹמַר שֶׁבְּהֶעְדֵּר הָרֵס הֲרֵי הוּא עוֹבֵר עַל לֹא תָעָבְדֵם. וְתִמְצָא שֶׁהִקְפִּיד ה׳ עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁלֹּא עָשׂוּ כֵן בִּכְנִיסָתָם לָאָרֶץ (שופטים ב,ב).
2I believe there are three reasons why the Torah saw fit to write this verse. 1) The Torah warns us not to appear as comparable to the nations of the world in their deeds. Had the Torah not first mentioned that we must not bow down to and worship their deities, it would never have occurred to anyone that kneeling or prostrating oneself on the floor even for a perfectly secular activity would be forbidden. We would have been convinced that the Torah merely forbade a Jew to prostrate himself for idolatrous purposes. Now that the Torah writes: "Do not prostrate yourself and serve their deities" the Torah reveals what had been meant by the words: "do not act as they do." It refers to activities which were intended to be perfectly secular in character if such activities represented a religious rite for the pagans. We are not to wear the kind of garments idol worhipers wear (as a religious symbol) nor are we to sport the kind of haircut which they use in deference to some religious belief of theirs. The Torah here includes a variety of activities listed in Shabbat 67. The second reason why the words we have in verse 24 are necessary is because the Torah informs us that everything the pagans do contains an idolatrous element. G'd knows man's thoughts and the root of everything he does. If a Jew were to perform deeds which are exclusively the domain of the Gentiles he would unconsciously savour the taste of idol worship. The third reason why the Torah has to warn us here again is that G'd does not only want us not to practice any semblance of idol worship but He wants us to uproot its traces wherever and whenever we are able to do so. This is why He had to introduce the commandment to destroy all such deities by first forbidding us to prostrate ourselves in front of them. G'd implies that if a Jew does not prostrate himself in front of an idol but does not destroy it either, he is considered as if he had actually worshiped this idol. G'd is alert to our thinking, and He interprets the reasons for our not destroying such idols as a reluctance to uproot the philosophies symbolised by such deities from our hearts. You will find that the commandment to destroy such deities and their temples became operational only after the Israelites entered the Holy Land and began to conquer it. (compare Deuteronomy chapter 20).