Tanach · Rishonim on Tanach · Ramban · Torah
Ramban on Deuteronomy 19:8/רמב"ן על דברים י״ט:ח׳
אוְאִם יַרְחִיב ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ אֶת גְּבֻלְךָ, הַפָּרָשָׁה הַזּוֹ עֲתִידָה, וּכְבָר הִזְכַּרְתִּי מִזֶּה בְּפָרָשַׁת רְאֵה אָנֹכִי (לעיל יב כ), כִּי מִתְּחִלָּה אָמַר כִּי יַכְרִית ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ אֶת הַגּוֹיִם אֲשֶׁר ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ נֹתֵן לְךָ אֶת אַרְצָם, וְהַגּוֹיִים אֲשֶׁר ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ נֹתֵן לְךָ אֶת אַרְצָם, יִרְמֹז לְכָל הַשִּׁבְעָה אֲשֶׁר יַזְכִּיר בְּכָל מָקוֹם, וְכֵן יֹאמַר עֲלֵיהֶם וְנָשַׁל אֶת הַגּוֹיִם הָאֵל מִפָּנֶיךָ (דברים ז':כ"ב), וּבְרִשְׁעַת הַגּוֹיִם הָאֵלֶּה (שם ט ד), וְהוֹרִישׁ ה' אֶת כָּל הַגּוֹיִם הָאֵלֶּה מִלִּפְנֵיכֶם, (שם יא כג) רַק מֵעָרֵי הָעַמִּים הָאֵלֶּה (דברים כ':ט"ז), וְכֵן בִּמְקוֹמוֹת רַבִּים. וְצִוָּה כִּי לְאַחַר יְרֻשָּׁה וִישִׁיבָה בְּאַרְצָם יַבְדִּיל שָׁלֹשׁ עָרִים, וּבָהֶם תַּשְׁלוּם הַמִּצְוָה, כְּמוֹ שֶׁאָמַר (במדבר לה יג) שֵׁשׁ עָרֵי מִקְלָט תִּהְיֶינָה לָכֶם, וְאָמַר (שם פסוק יד) אֵת שְׁלֹשׁ הֶעָרִים תִּתְּנוּ מֵעֵבֶר לַיַּרְדֵּן וְאֵת שְׁלֹשׁ הֶעָרִים תִּתְּנוּ בְּאֶרֶץ כְּנָעַן, וְלֹא צִוָּה בַּתּוֹרָה בְּיוֹתֵר מִשֵּׁשׁ הֶעָרִים הָאֵלֶּה. וְכֵן בְּכָל מִצְוֹת שֶׁבַּתּוֹרָה הַנּוֹהֲגוֹת לְאַחַר יְרֻשָּׁה וִישִׁיבָה מִתְחַיְּבִין בָּהֶן לְאַחַר יְרֻשַּׁת שִׁבְעָה גּוֹיִם אֵלּוּ. אֲבָל בַּמִּצְוָה הַזֹּאת לְבַדָּהּ הוֹסִיף בְּכָאן וְאִם יַרְחִיב ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ אֶת גְּבוּלְךָ, וְלֹא אָמַר כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר לָךְ, כְּמוֹ שֶׁאָמַר בְּכִי יַרְחִיב ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ אֶת גְּבוּלְךָ שֶׁל בְּשַׂר תַּאֲוָה (לעיל יב כ), כִּי ה' לֹא הִבְטִיחַ אוֹתָם בְּשׁוּם מָקוֹם לָתֵת לָהֶם רַק שִׁבְעַת הַגּוֹיִם הָאֵלֶּה, אֲבָל הִזְכִּיר כָּאן הָאָבוֹת, וְאִם יַרְחִיב ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ אֶת גְּבֻלְךָ כַּאֲשֶׁר נִשְׁבַּע לַאֲבֹתֶיךָ וְנָתַן לְךָ אֶת כָּל הָאָרֶץ אֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר לָתֵת לַאֲבֹתֶיךָ, וְזֶה יִרְמֹז לְכָל עֲשָׂרָה עֲמָמִין שֶׁנֶּאֶמְרוּ לְאַבְרָהָם. וְהִתְנָה בָּזֶה כִּי תִשְׁמֹר אֶת כָּל הַמִּצְוָה וְגוֹ'. וְהִנֵּה דָּבָר בָּרוּר הוּא כִּי הַשִּׁבְעָה גּוֹיִם עַצְמָם לֹא יִירְשׁוּ אוֹתָם בְּעָבְרָם עַל הַתּוֹרָה, כַּאֲשֶׁר אָמַר פְּעָמִים רַבִּים, לְמַעַן תִּחְיוּ וּבָאתֶם וִירִשְׁתֶּם אֶת הָאָרֶץ (דברים ד':א'), לְמַעַן אֲשֶׁר תָּבֹא אֶל הָאָרֶץ (דברים כ"ז:ג'), כִּי אִם שָׁמֹר תִּשְׁמְרוּן אֶת כָּל הַמִּצְוָה הַזֹּאת וְהוֹרִישׁ ה' אֶת כָּל הַגּוֹיִם הָאֵלֶּה מִלִּפְנֵיכֶם (לעיל יא כב כג). וְכַאֲשֶׁר עָבַר עָכָן עַל הַחֵרֶם וְהוּא אִישׁ אֶחָד נֶאֱמַר (יהושע ז יב), וְלֹא יֻכְלוּ בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל לָקוּם לִפְנֵי אֹיְבֵיהֶם עֹרֶף יִפְנוּ לִפְנֵי אֹיְבֵיהֶם, א"כ מָה הַתְּנַאי הַזֶּה אֲשֶׁר יַתְנֶה בִּשְׁלֹשֶׁת הָעֲמָמִין הָאֵלֶּה לְבַדָּם, וְאִם יַרְחִיב ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ אֶת גְּבוּלְךָ כִּי תִשְׁמֹר אֶת כָּל הַמִּצְוָה וְגוֹ'. וְהַטַּעַם בָּזֶה כִּי הָיָה הָרָצוֹן לְפָנָיו יִתְבָּרַךְ שֶׁיַּנְחִיל אוֹתָם בִּימֵי מֹשֶׁה וִיהוֹשֻׁעַ הַשִּׁבְעָה אֲשֶׁר הִבְטִיחָם בְּמִצְרַיִם וּבַמִּדְבָּר, כִּי הָיָה גָּלוּי לְפָנָיו שֶׁתַּגִּיעַ זְכוּתָם לְכָךְ, וּמִפְּנֵי זֶה חִיֵּב אוֹתָם בְּכָל הַמִּצְוֹת בַּיְּרֻשָּׁה שֶׁל אֵלּוּ, וְחִיֵּב אוֹתָם בְּשֵׁשׁ עָרֵי מִקְלָט וְהִבְדִּילָם יְהוֹשֻׁעַ, אֲבָל עַל הַשְּׁלֹשָׁה הַנִּשְׁאָרִים הִתְנָה כִּי תִשְׁמֹר אֶת כָּל הַמִּצְוָה לְאַהֲבָה אֶת הַשֵּׁם וְלָלֶכֶת בִּדְרָכָיו וְגוֹ', וְהוּא לוֹמַר שֶׁיְּקַיְּמוּ כֻּלָּם כָּל הַתּוֹרָה כֻּלָּהּ, וְאֵין שׁוּם מִצְוָה תְּלוּיָה בְּכָךְ זוּלָתִי שְׁלֹשׁ הֶעָרִים הָאֵלֶּה, וּמָה טַעַם לֵאמֹר כִּי תִּשְׁמֹר לָלֶכֶת בִּדְרָכָיו כָּל הַיָּמִים תּוֹסִיף לְךָ שְׁלֹשׁ הֶעָרִים, כִּי מִי יוֹדֵעַ מַה יִהְיֶה אַחֲרֵי כֵן כָּל הַיָּמִים. וְאָמַר ר"א (אבן עזרא על דברים י"ט:ט') כָּל הַיָּמִים, בְּלִי הֶפְסֵק בֵּינֵיהֶם. וְאֵינֶנּוּ נָכוֹן, אֲבָל כִּי תִשְׁמֹר, כַּאֲשֶׁר תַּגִּיעַ זְכוּתְךָ שֶׁתִּשְׁמֹר כָּל הַמִּצְוָה לְאַהֲבָה אֶת הַשֵּׁם אַהֲבָה שְׁלֵמָה קַיֶּמֶת לְעוֹלָם, שֶׁיִּהְיֶה גָּלוּי לְפָנָיו שֶׁלֹּא תֶּחֱטָא עוֹד לְעוֹלָם, אָז יַרְחִיב אֶת גְּבוּלְךָ וְיִתֵּן לְךָ כָּל הָעַמִּים, וְהוּא לַיָּמִים אֲשֶׁר אָמַר (דברים ל':ו') וּמָל ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ אֶת לְבָבְךָ וְאֶת לְבַב זַרְעֶךָ. וּלְבַב זַרְעֶךָ יוֹרֶה עַל כָּל הַיָּמִים הָעֲתִידִים לָבוֹא, וּכְעִנְיָן שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בַּקַּבָּלָה (ירמיה לב לט מ), וְנָתַתִּי לָהֶם לֵב אֶחָד וְדֶרֶךְ אֶחָד לְיִרְאָה אוֹתִי כָּל הַיָּמִים לְטוֹב לָהֶם וְלִבְנֵיהֶם אַחֲרֵיהֶם, וְכָרַתִּי לָהֶם בְּרִית עוֹלָם אֲשֶׁר לֹא אָשׁוּב מֵאַחֲרֵיהֶם לְהֵיטִיבִי אוֹתָם, וְאֶת יִרְאָתִי אֶתֵּן בִּלְבָבָם לְבִלְתִּי סוּר מֵעָלָי, וְאָז כַּאֲשֶׁר יִכְרֹת לָהֶם בְּרִית עוֹלָם יַבְדִּילוּ שְׁלֹשׁ הֶעָרִים הָאֵלֶּה:
1AND IF THE ETERNAL THY G-D ENLARGE THY BORDER. This section deals with a future event, and I have already mentioned it244 in the section [i.e., the Seder] of Behold, I set before you. For first he stated, When the Eternal thy G-d shall cut off the nations, whose land the Eternal giveth thee,240 the expression whose land the Eternal giveth thee referring to all the seven nations that He mentions everywhere. So also he speaks with reference to them, And the Eternal thy G-d will cast out those nations before thee;245, 7:22. whereas for the wickedness of these nations;246, 9:4. and the Eternal will drive out all these nations from before you;247, 11:23. but of the cities of these peoples,248 and so also in many other places. And now he commanded that after taking possession of their land and dwelling in it, he249 shall set aside three cities, completing [the performance of] the commandment with their designation, as He said there, there shall be for you six cities of refuge,250 and He further said, Ye shall give three cities beyond the Jordan, and three cities shall ye give in the land of Canaan.251, Verse 14. And since the three cities beyond the Jordan eastward had already been set aside by Moses (above, 4:41), the designation of the three cities in the land of Canaan thus completed the fulfillment of this commandment. He did not command in the Torah that there be more than these six cities. Similarly all commandments of the Torah that become binding after taking possession and settling upon [the Land] become obligatory after the conquest of these seven nations. Only regarding this commandment, however, he added here, And if the Eternal thy G-d enlarge thy border and he did not say “as He hath promised thee,” as he said in the section, When the Eternal thy G-d shall enlarge thy border, as He hath promised thee252 with reference to meat of a secular meal. This was because G-d did not promise them anywhere to give them [land] except for [that of] these seven nations. However, here he mentioned the patriarchs, as he said, And if the Eternal thy G-d enlarge thy border, as He hath sworn unto thy fathers, and give thee all the land which He promised to give unto thy fathers, this being an allusion to all ten nations253 that were promised to Abraham.Now he made here a condition, if thou shalt [in time to come] keep all this commandment to do it etc.254 [then another three cities of refuge would be designated in addition to the six already discussed in Scripture]. Now it is clear that they will not inherit even the seven nations if they transgress the Torah as he has said many times — hearken unto the statutes etc. that ye may live, and go in and possess the Land;255 and thou shalt write upon them all the words of this Law etc. that thou mayest go in unto the Land;256 For if ye shall diligently keep all this commandment etc., then will the Eternal drive out all these nations from before you.257 And when Achan, who was but an individual, transgressed the devoted thing,258 it was stated, Therefore the children of Israel cannot stand before their enemies, they turn their backs before their enemies.259, 7:12. If so, [the question arises], why was this condition made only concerning these three cities, stating, And if the Eternal thy G-d enlarge thy border etc. if thou shalt keep all this commandment [when the conquest of the seven nations is also conditional upon observing the Torah]? The reason for this is, that it was the Divine Will before Him, blessed be He, that yet in the days of Moses and Joshua, He would give them possession of the lands of the seven nations which He had promised them while they were still in Egypt260 and in the wilderness,261, 34:11. because it was known to Him that they were deserving [of the lands] by virtue of their merits. Therefore He obligated them in the observance of all commandments upon the conquest of these [nations], and He further obligated them [in the commandment] of the six cities of refuge, and so Joshua designated [the cities]. But concerning the three remaining ones he made a condition, if thou shalt keep all this commandment etc. to love the Eternal thy G-d, and to walk forever in His ways etc.,254 that is to say, that they would all observe the entire Torah, [they would then become obligated to set aside three additional cities]. There is no commandment dependent upon this condition except for [the designation] of these three cities.But what reason was there to state, if thou shalt keep all this commandment etc. to walk ‘kol hayamim’ (forever) in His ways — then shalt thou add three cities more for thee, for who knows what will ever happen afterwards? Now Rabbi Abraham ibn Ezra commented: “kol hayamim — [all the days] without interruption between them.” This is not correct. Rather, the purport of the verse is as follows: “If thou shalt keep all this commandment, when your merit attains a degree that you will keep all the commandments, loving G-d with a perfect everlasting love, so that it should be apparent to Him that you will never again sin, then He will broaden your boundary and give you all the [ten] nations [He promised to Abraham].” This is a reference to the days of which he said, And the Eternal thy G-d will open thy heart, and the heart of thy seed,262 the expression the heart of thy seed indicating [the people of] all future days, similar to what is written in the Prophets,263 And I will give them one heart and one way, that they may fear Me forever; for the good of them, and of their children after them; and I will make an everlasting covenant with them etc., and I will put My fear in their hearts, that they shall not depart from Me.264 Then when He shall make an everlasting covenant with them they will set aside these three cities [as cities of refuge].