Tanach · Rishonim on Tanach · Ramban · Torah

Ramban on Exodus 22:15/רמב"ן על שמות כ״ב:ט״ו

אוְכִי יְפַתֶּה אִישׁ מְדַבֵּר עַל לִבָּהּ, וְכֵן תַּרְגּוּמוֹ "אֲרֵי יְשַׁדֵּל", שִׁדּוּל בִּלְשׁוֹן אֲרַמִּי כְּפִתּוּי בִּלְשׁוֹן הַקֹּדֶשׁ. מָהֹר יִמְהָרֶנָּה לּוֹ לְאִשָּׁה, יִפְסֹק לָהּ מֹהַר כְּמִשְׁפַּט אִישׁ לְאִשְׁתּוֹ שֶׁכּוֹתֵב לָהּ כְּתֻבָּה וְיִשָּׂאֶנָּה, לְשׁוֹן רַשִׁ"י (רש"י על שמות כ"ב:ט"ו). וְאֵינֶנּוּ נָכוֹן, אֲבָל עִנְיַן הַפִּתּוּי הַטָּיַת רָצוֹן בְּשֶׁקֶר, "פֶּן יִפְתֶּה לְבַבְכֶם" (דברים יא טז), "וַיִּפְתְּ בַּסֵּתֶר לִבִּי" (איוב לא כז), "אִם נִפְתָּה לִבִּי עַל אִשָּׁה" (שם לא ט). וְלָכֵן הָאֲנָשִׁים אֲשֶׁר אֵין דַּעְתָּם שְׁלֵמָה לְהַשְׂכִּיל וְיִטְעֶה לִבָּם בִּדְבָרִים בִּתְחִלַּת עִנְיָנָם יִקָּרְאוּ פְּתָאִים, וּכְמוֹ שֶׁאָמַר "פֶּתִי יַאֲמִין לְכָל דָּבָר" (משלי יד טו). וְהַמֵּסִית אֶת הַבְּתוּלָה לִשְׁכַּב עִמָּהּ יַטֶּה רְצוֹנָהּ לְחֶפְצוֹ בְּדִבְרֵי שֶׁקֶר וְנִקְרָא מְפַתֶּה:
וְאוּנְקְלוֹס (תרגום אונקלוס על שמות כ"ב:ט"ו) חִלֵּק הַלָּשׁוֹן לְמַחְלוֹקוֹת, אָמַר כָּאן "יְשַׁדֵּל", וְהוּא לְשׁוֹן תַּחְבּוּלָה וְעֵסֶק אֲשֶׁר יַעֲשֶׂה הָאָדָם עִם אַחֵר לַעֲשׂוֹת בּוֹ כִּרְצוֹנוֹ, יִהְיֶה הִשְׁתַּדְּלוּתוֹ בִּדְבָרִים אוֹ בְּמַעֲשֶׂה, כִּי כֵן אָמַר בְּ"וַיֵּאָבֵק אִישׁ עִמּוֹ" (בראשית לב כה) "וְאִשְׁתַּדַּל", וְיוֹנָתָן בֶּן עֻזִּיאֵל תִּרְגֵּם "וְשׁוֹבַבְתִּיךָ וְנָתַתִּי חַחִים בִּלְחָיֶיךָ" (יחזקאל לח ד) "וַאֲשַׁדְּלִנָּךְ", וּבְתַרְגּוּם מְגִלַּת רוּת "אֵיפֹה לִקַּטְתְּ הַיּוֹם וְאָנָה עָשִׂית" (רות ב יט) "וּלְאָן אִשְׁתַּדַּלְתְּ לְמֶעֱבַד", "שֵׁם הָאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר עָשִׂיתִי עִמּוֹ הַיּוֹם בֹּעַז" (שם) "דְּאִשְׁתַּדַּלִית עִמֵּהּ", כִּי תַּחְבּוּלַת עִנְיָן אֲשֶׁר אָדָם מְצַדֵּד לַעֲשׂוֹתוֹ יִקָּרֵא הִשְׁתַּדְּלוּת, וְאָמְרוּ בַּמִּשְׁנָה (אבות ב ה) וּבְמָקוֹם שֶׁאֵין אֲנָשִׁים הִשְׁתַּדֵּל לִהְיוֹת אִישׁ, וּבַגְּמָרָא (ברכות נח.) לְעוֹלָם יִשְׁתַּדֵּל אָדָם לָצֵאת לִקְרַאת מַלְכֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, וּבַכָּתוּב (דניאל ו טו) "הֲוָה מִשְׁתַּדַּר לְהַצָּלוּתֵהּ", מִשְׁתַּדֵּל וְעֹשֶׂה תַּחְבּוּלוֹת: וְעַל דַּעְתִּי מִזֶּה הַלָּשׁוֹן הוּא "וּמְרַד וְאֶשְׁתַּדּוּר מִתְעֲבֶד בַּהּ" (עזרא ד יט), מֶרֶד וְתַחְבּוּלָה רַבָּה, כִּי יַחְלִיפוּ הָאוֹתִיּוֹת הָאֵלֶּה אַף בִּלְשׁוֹן הַקֹּדֶשׁ, "מַזָּלוֹת" (מלכים ב כ"ג:ה') וּ"מַזָּרוֹת" (איוב לח לב), "נִמְלְצוּ" (תהלים קיט קג) וְ"נִמְרְצוּ" (איוב ו כה), "מִפְלְשֵׂי עָב" (שם לז לט) "מִפְרְשֵׂי עָב" (שם לו כט), וְכֵן בַּאֲרָמִית "וַאֲלוּ" (דניאל ז ח) "וַאֲרוּ" (שם ז ז), "שַׁרְשֶׁרֶת" (שמות כ"ח:י"ד) אָמְרוּ בָּהּ חֲכָמִים (מקואות פ"י מ"ה) שַׁלְשֶׁלֶת. וְיֵשׁ נֻסְחָאוֹת שֶׁכָּתוּב בָּהֶם בַּמִּשְׁנָה (אבות ב ה) הִשְׁתַּדֵּר לִהְיוֹת אִישׁ. וְלָכֵן אָמַר אוּנְקְלוֹס "כִּי יְפַתֶּה" - "אֲרֵי יְשַׁדֵּל", יְסוֹבֵב וִישׁוֹבֵב אֶת הַבְּתוּלָה בְּעִנְיָנִים רַבִּים עַד שֶׁיִּשְׁכַּב עִמָּהּ. וּבַעֲבוּר כִּי פִּתּוּי הַבְּתוּלוֹת בְּעִנְיָנִים רַבִּים, פַּעַם בִּדְבָרִים פַּעַם בְּמָמוֹן, פַּעַם בְּשֶׁקֶר שֶׁיַּטְעֶה אוֹתָהּ, פַּעַם בֶּאֱמֶת שֶׁרְצוֹנוֹ לִשָּׂא אוֹתָהּ לוֹ לְאִשָּׁה, לֹא יִחֵד לוֹ לְשׁוֹן וַעֲשָׂאוֹ הִשְׁתַּדְּלוּת, אֲבָל בְּ"פֶן יִפְתֶּה לְבַבְכֶם" (דברים יא טז) אָמַר בּוֹ "דִּלְמָא יִטְעֶה":
וּמַה שֶׁפֵּרֵשׁ הָרַב בְּ"מָהֹר יִמְהָרֶנָּה לּוֹ" שֶׁיִּפְסֹק לָהּ מֹהַר כְּמִשְׁפַּט אִישׁ לְאִשְׁתּוֹ שֶׁכּוֹתֵב לָהּ כְּתֻבָּה (מכילתא כאן), אֵינוֹ אֱמֶת, שֶׁהַמְּפַתֶּה אִם יִשָּׂאֶנָּה אֵינוֹ נוֹתֵן קְנָס, וְאִם יְגָרְשֶׁנָּה אַחַר הַנִּשּׂוּאִין אֵין לָהּ עָלָיו כְּלוּם מִן הַתּוֹרָה, שֶׁהַכְּתֻבָּה מִדִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים הוּא. אֲבָל פֵּרוּשׁ "מָהֹר" הַשִּׁלּוּחִים שֶׁאָדָם מְשַׁלֵּחַ לַאֲרוּסָתוֹ כְּלֵי כֶסֶף וּכְלֵי זָהָב וּבְגָדִים לְצָרְכֵי הַחֻפָּה וְהַנִּשּׂוּאִין, וְהֵם הַנִּקְרָאִים סִבְלוֹנוֹת בִּלְשׁוֹן חֲכָמִים. וְכָךְ אָמְרוּ מֻהְרֵי הָדְרֵי (ב"ב קמה.). וְאוּנְקְלוֹס אָמַר בְּ"הַרְבּוּ עָלַי מְאֹד מֹהַר וּמַתָּן" (בראשית לד יב) "אַסְגּוֹ עָלַי לַחֲדָא מֻהְרִין וּמַתְּנָן", וְלֹא הָיָה נוֹדֵר לָהֶם לִכְתֹּב לָהּ כְּתֻבּוֹת הַרְבֵּה מְאֹד, אֲבָל הַמֹּהַר סִבְלוֹנוֹת כְּמוֹ שֶׁפֵּרַשְׁתִּי: וְיִתָּכֵן שֶׁהָיָה הַלָּשׁוֹן נִגְזַר מִן "מְהֵרָה חוּשָׁה" (שמואל א כ':ל"ח), לְפִי שֶׁהוּא הַדָּבָר הָרִאשׁוֹן הַנִּמְהָר בַּנִּשּׂוּאִין, כִּי הֶחָתָן מְמַהֵר וּמַקְדִּים לִשְׁלֹחַ לְפָנָיו הַמִּנְחָה הַהִיא וְאַחֲרֵי כֵן הוּא בָּא לְבֵית חָמִיו לַעֲשׂוֹת הַנִּשּׂוּאִין אוֹ הַשִּׂמְחָה, כְּמוֹ שֶׁהִזְכִּירוּ חֲכָמִים סְעוּדַת סִבְלוֹנוֹת (פסחים מט):
וּפֵרוּשׁ "מָהֹר יִמְהָרֶנָּה לּוֹ לְאִשָּׁה", שֶׁיִּשְׁלַח לָהּ סִבְלוֹנוֹת וְצָרְכֵי חֻפָּה לִהְיוֹת לוֹ לְאִשָּׁה, רָמַז שֶׁהֵם יְכוֹלִים לְעַכֵּב. וְאָמַר הַכָּתוּב בַּלָּשׁוֹן הַזֶּה וְלֹא אָמַר שֶׁיִּקָּחֶנָּה לוֹ, כִּי אֵין מִצְוָה עָלָיו שֶׁיִּשָּׂאֶנָּה רַק אִם רָצָה, וְאִם לֹא יַחְפֹּץ בָּהּ מִתְּחִלָּה יִפְרַע. וְאַחֲרֵי כֵן אָמַר (שמות כ"ב:ט"ז) שֶׁאִם יְמָאֵן אָבִיהָ לְתִתָּהּ לוֹ, שֶׁיִּשְׁקֹל עַל יָדוֹ כֶּסֶף כַּמֹּהַר אֲשֶׁר יִתְּנוּ הָאֲנָשִׁים לַבְּתוּלוֹת הַנְּשׂוּאוֹת לָהֶם, וְהַטַּעַם כִּי פְּסָלָהּ בְּעֵינֵי הַבַּחוּרִים וְיִצְטָרֵךְ אָבִיהָ לְהַרְבּוֹת לָהּ מַתָּן וְהֵם לֹא יִתְּנוּ לָהּ מֹהַר וְרָאוּי הוּא שֶׁיִּפְרָעֶנּוּ הַמְּפַתֶּה: וְאָמְרוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ (כתובות י) כִּי עִנְיַן הַמֹּהַר הַזֶּה הוּא נִקְצַב בְּעִנְיַן הָאוֹנֵס (דברים כב כט) כִּי הוּא חֲמִשִּׁים כֶּסֶף, וְדִין הָאוֹנֵס וְהַמְּפַתֶּה שָׁוִין בָּזֶה, אֲבָל חָלַק הַכָּתוּב בֵּין אוֹנֵס לִמְפַתֶּה, שֶׁשָּׁם נֶאֱמַר "וְלוֹ תִהְיֶה לְאִשָּׁה לֹא יוּכַל שַׁלְּחָהּ כָּל יָמָיו" וְהַטַּעַם, כִּי דֶּרֶךְ אֶרֶץ לִהְיוֹת בַּחוּרֵי חֶמֶד מְפַתִּים בְּתוּלוֹת, בְּנוֹת הַגְּדוֹלִים הַיָּפוֹת, וְאֵינֶנּוּ הָגוּן שֶׁיְּהֵא חוֹטֵא נִשְׂכָּר, וְלָכֵן פֵּרֵשׁ שֶׁלֹּא יִשָּׂאֶנָּה עַל כָּרְחָם וִישַׁלֵּם לָהֶם. וּבַעֲבוּר שֶׁגַּם הִיא חָטְאָה בַּדָּבָר לֹא נָתַן עָלָיו עֹנֶשׁ שֶׁיִּשָּׂאֶנָּה עַל כָּרְחוֹ וְדַי שֶׁיְּשַׁלֵּם הַקְּנָס. וְאַחֲרֵי שֶׁיִּשָּׂאֶנָּה לְדַעְתָּהּ וְדַעַת אָבִיהָ הֲרֵי הִיא עִמּוֹ כְּכָל הַנָּשִׁים, אֵין לָהּ עָלָיו כְּתֻבָּה בַּתּוֹרָה. וְכֵן דֶּרֶךְ בְּנֵי הַגְּדוֹלִים לֶאֱנֹס בְּנוֹת הַפְּחוּתִים בְּמַעֲלָה אֲשֶׁר אֵין לָהֶם כֹּחַ כְּנֶגְדָּם, וְלָכֵן אָמַר בָּאוֹנֵס "וְלוֹ תִהְיֶה לְאִשָּׁה", עַל כָּרְחוֹ:
וְעַל דַּעַת רַבּוֹתֵינוּ (כתובות לט:) גַּם שָׁם בֵּין הִיא בֵּין אָבִיהָ יְכוֹלִין לְעַכֵּב כִּי אֵינֶנּוּ הָגוּן שֶׁיִּקָּחֶנָּה עַל כָּרְחָם, וְיַעֲשֶׂה עִמָּהּ שְׁתֵּי רָעוֹת, וּפְעָמִים שֶׁתִּהְיֶה נִכְבֶּדֶת מִמֶּנּוּ וְלֹא יִתָּכֵן שֶׁתִּתְבַּזֶּה בְּחֶטְאוֹ, וְהַמִּשְׁפָּט הַיָּשָׁר שֶׁיִּהְיוּ הַנִּשּׂוּאִין בְּיָדָהּ וְלֹא בְּיָדוֹ, שֶׁהוּא יִשָּׂאֶנָּה עַל כָּרְחוֹ שֶׁלֹּא יִהְיוּ בְּנוֹת יִשְׂרָאֵל הֶפְקֵר לְבַעֲלֵי הַזְּרוֹעַ: וְהִנֵּה הַדִּין הַזֶּה אֵינֶנּוּ רַק בְּנַעֲרָה כְּדִין הָאוֹנֵס, אֲבָל שָׁם פֵּרֵשׁ הַכָּתוּב "כִּי יִמְצָא אִישׁ נַעֲרָה בְתוּלָה" (דברים כב כח), וְכָאן לֹא הִזְכִּיר נַעֲרָה, וְהַטַּעַם, כִּי הַנַּעֲרָה הַנִּזְכֶּרֶת שָׁם אֵינוֹ אֶלָּא לְהוֹצִיא אֶת הַבּוֹגֶרֶת שֶׁהִיא אִשָּׁה, אֲבָל הַקְּטַנָּה גַּם הִיא בַּכְּלָל (כתובות מ:), וְכָאן לֹא הֻצְרַךְ לְהוֹצִיא אֶת הַבּוֹגֶרֶת, כִּי בְּיָדוּעַ שֶׁהַמְּפַתֶּה הַבּוֹגֶרֶת שֶׁלֹּא יְשַׁלֵּם כְּלוּם כִּי מִדַּעְתָּהּ עָשָׂה, וְהָאָב אֵין לוֹ בְּבִתּוֹ שׁוּם זְכוּת אַחֲרֵי יְמֵי הַנְּעוּרִים, כְּדִכְתִיב (במדבר ל יז) "בִּנְעוּרֶיהָ בֵּית אָבִיהָ" וְאָמַר כָּאן אִם מָאֵן יְמָאֵן אָבִיהָ לְתִתָּהּ לוֹ, לִרְמֹז שֶׁהוּא הַנּוֹתֵן אוֹתָהּ לְאִישׁ, שֶׁהוּא זַכַּאי בְּכֶסֶף קִדּוּשֶׁיהָ בִּקְטַנָּה וְנַעֲרָה, כְּמוֹ שֶׁדָּרְשׁוּ כָּל שְׁבָח נְעוּרִים לְאָבִיהָ (קידושין ג:), אֲבָל בָּאוֹנֵס הֻצְרַךְ לִכְתֹּב נַעֲרָה לְהוֹצִיא אֶת הַבּוֹגֶרֶת, כִּי הָיָה עוֹלֶה עַל דַּעְתֵּנוּ שֶׁיְּשַׁלֵּם אֵלֶיהָ, אֶלָּא שֶׁגְּזֵרַת הַכָּתוּב הִיא, וְהַטַּעַם, כִּי בְּעָמְדָה עַל דַּעְתָּהּ תִּשָּׁמֵר מֵאֹנֶס: וְר"א אָמַר (אבן עזרא על שמות כ"ב:ט"ו) כִּי מֹהַר לְשׁוֹן קִשּׁוּר, וְכֵן "יִרְבּוּ עַצְּבוֹתָם אַחֵר מָהָרוּ" (תהלים טז ד). וְאֵינֶנּוּ נָכוֹן, אֲבָל הוּא כְּמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְתִּי מִדִּבְרֵי רַבּוֹתֵינוּ זַ"ל. וְעַל דַּעְתִּי "אַחֵר מָהָרוּ", שֶׁהָיוּ נִמְהֲרֵי לֵב לְאֵל אַחֵר לָלֶכֶת אַחֲרָיו בִּמְהִירוּתָם בְּלִי הַשְׁגָּחָה וּבְלִי דַּעַת. וּבְדִבְרֵי הַמְדַקְדְּקִים (הרד"ק בספר השרשים שרש אחר) שֶׁנָּתְנוּ מֹהַר לְאֵל אַחֵר, וְהַטַּעַם שֶׁנָּתְנוּ לוֹ זֶבַח וּמִנְחָה:
1AND IF A MAN ‘Y’FATEH’ — “speaks to her emotions [until she submits to him]. And so did Onkelos render it arei y’shadeil, the term shidul in Aramaic being like pitui [persuasion, seduction], in the Sacred Language. ‘MAHOR YIMHARENAH’ (HE SHALL SURELY PAY A DOWRY FOR HER) TO BE HIS WIFE — he shall assign her a marriage portion as is the manner of a man to his wife by writing her a kethubah (marriage contract), and he shall marry her.” Thus far is Rashi’s language.But this is not correct, for the term pitui [does not mean “speaking to her feelings,” as Rashi put it], but winning over another person’s will by falsehood. A similar usage of the term is found in these verses: ‘yifteh l’vavchem’ (your heart will be deceived);230 ‘vayift’ (and he seduced) my heart secretly;231 if my heart ‘niftah’ (have been enticed) unto a woman.232, 9. This is why people whose minds are not adroit in discriminating matters, and whose hearts can be easily bent by a few words at the beginning of a discussion, are called p’ta’im (simple-minded ones), just as it is said, ‘peti’ (the simple-minded) believeth every word,233 and he who seduces a virgin in order to have sexual relations with her, bends her will to his desire by words of falsehood, and is therefore called m’fateh (seducer).Onkelos, however, divided the term pitui into two meanings. Thus here he translated it: y’shadeil, which is an expression for cunning and effort that a person exercises towards another in order to do with him as he pleases, regardless of whether this effort is by means of words or deeds. Thus Onkelos translated: ‘vayei’aveik’ a man with him234 — v’ishtadeil (and a man ‘wrestled craftily’ with him). And Yonathan ben Uziel235 translated: ‘v’shovavticho’ (and I will turn thee about), and put hooks into thy jaws236 — ‘v’ishtadlinoch.’ And in the Targum of the Scroll of Ruth we find: Where hast thou gleaned to-day? ‘v’anah asit’ (and where wroughtest thou)?237 — ‘u’lan ishtadalt l’me’bad’ (and where have you ‘endeavored’ to work)? — And she said: The man’s name with whom ‘asithi’ (I wrought) to-day is Boaz,237 is translated in the Targum: ‘d’ishtadalith imei’ (with whom I ‘endeavored’). For all effort involving skill, with which a person attempts to achieve something, is called hishtadluth (endeavoring). Thus the Rabbis have said in the Mishnah:238 “And where there are no men, hishtadeil (strive) to be a man.” And in the Gemara239 we find: “A man should always yishtadeil (strive) to go out to welcome kings of Israel.” And in Scripture it is written: and he [i.e., the king] ‘mishtadar’ (labored) to rescue him,240 — employing every skill [to save Daniel].In my opinion, associated with this term [hishtadluth — striving] is the expression, rebellion ‘v’eshtadur’ (and sedition) have been made therein,241 meaning, rebellion and “much striving.” For even in the Sacred Language these letters [the lamed and the reish of y’shadeil, y’shadeir] interchange. Thus we find: mazaloth (constellations)242 and mazaroth;243 niml’tzu (sweet),244 and nimr’tzu (forcible);245 ‘mifl’sei’ (the balancing of) the clouds,246, 37:16. and ‘mifr’sei’ (the spreadings of) the clouds.247, 36:29. Similarly in Aramaic: va’alu (and behold),248 and va’aru.249, Verse 7. Sharshereth (chain)250 is termed by the Sages shalsheleth.251 There are Mishnaic texts where it is written, “hishtadeir [instead of hishtadeil — both terms meaning ‘strive’] to be a man.”238 It is for this reason that Onkelos renders ki y’fateh — arei y’shadeil (he will endeavor); he will attempt by devious means to invest the virgin with a sense of trust in him, by many ruses, until she submits to him. And since seduction may be achieved in many ways — sometimes with words, sometimes with money, sometimes by falsehood to mislead her, and sometimes even by truth, as when he really wishes to marry her — therefore Onkelos did not use a precise term for it, but rendered it as an expression of “endeavor.” However, in the verse, lest your heart be ‘yifteh,’230 he used the other meaning and translated it: ‘dilma yit’ei,’ for there it means, “perhaps you will be misled.”And that which the Rabbi [Rashi] explained: “‘Mahor yimharenah’ (he shall surely pay a dowry for her) to be his wife — he shall assign her a marriage portion as is the manner of a man to his wife, by writing her a kethubah (marriage contract)” — this is not correct, for if the seducer marries her, he pays no penalty,252 and if he divorces her after the marriage, there is no monetary obligation upon him by law of the Torah, since a kethubah is a matter of Rabbinic ordinance. Rather, mohar means gifts — the gifts which a man sends to his betrothed, jewels of silver and jewels of gold253 and clothes for the wedding ceremony and marriage, these being called sivlonoth in the language of the Rabbis.254 Thus they said: “Mohari go back [upon the death of the wife].”255 And Onkelos rendered the verse, And Shechem said… Multiply upon me greatly ‘mohar’ and gift256 — “multiply upon me greatly moharin [in the plural] and gifts,” and Shechem would not have vowed to write Dinah many kethuboth. Instead, mohar means gifts, as I have explained. It is possible that the word is derived from the expression ‘m’heirah chushah’ (hasten, stay not),257 because the mohar is the first thing which hastens the wedding, as the groom hurries and sends these presents ahead of him in eager haste and then he comes to his father-in-law’s house to make the wedding or the feast, just as the Sages have spoken of “parties of sivlonoth” (when presents are presented to the betrothed).258 The meaning of ‘mahor yimharenah’ to be his wife is then, that the seducer should send her presents and necessities for the wedding in order to become his wife. There is thus a hint here that both the seducer and the seduced can prevent the marriage, since Scripture uses such language rather than saying expressly that he should take her to him as his wife; for there is no commandment upon him to marry her unless he so desires, and if he does not want her to begin with, he is to pay fifty shekels of silver.259 After that Scripture states260 that if the father refuses to give her unto him, he shall pay him money according to the ‘mohar’ which men give to virgins whom they marry. The reason for this fine is that the seducer has spoiled her reputation in the eyes of young men, thus the father will have to give her many presents and they will not give her any dowry, therefore it is right that the seducer should pay it. Our Rabbis have said261 that the amount of this mohar was determined by Scripture in the case of the violator to be fifty shekels of silver,262 the law of the violator and of the seducer being alike in this respect. Scripture, however, did differentiate between them in that in the case of the violator it says, and she shall be his wife… he may not put her away all his days,262 the reason [for this distinction between the violator, who must marry the maiden whom he has raped, and is forbidden to divorce her ever, and the seducer, who does not have to marry the seduced girl, but may instead pay the penalty mentioned in the Torah], is that usually it is handsome young men263 who seduce virgins, and the beautiful daughters of prominent families, [in the hope of marrying them]. But since it is not proper that he should gain from his sin, [i.e., that the girl should have to marry the seducer], therefore He explained that he cannot marry her against their will [hers and that of her father], but instead must pay them. Also, because she too sinned in this matter, He did not impose it on him to have to marry her against his will, but instead it is enough if he pays the penalty [of the fifty shekels of silver], and if he marries her with her consent and that of her father, she has the same status in relation to him as all women, having no claim to a kethubah from him by law of the Torah [but only by Rabbinic ordinance]. Similarly, it is usually the sons of prominent families who rape the daughters of those less-known families who have no power against them. Therefore He said in the case of the violator, and she shall be his wife262 — against his will. And in the opinion of our Rabbis,264 there too [in the case of the violator] the maiden and her father can withhold consent, as it would not be correct that he should marry her against her will, and thus do her two evils. Sometimes she may be of a more honorable family than he, and it is inconceivable that she should be further disgraced by his sinful act. The fair law is thus that the decision as to the marriage of the raped maiden be left to her discretion and that of her father, and not to the violator; instead, [if she desires it] he must marry her against his will,265, 39 a). in order that violent men should not take liberties with the daughters of Israel.Now this law of seduction only applies to a na’arah,266 is a maiden between the age of twelve years and a day and twelve and a half. After that she counts as a bogereth — past her maidenhood. The period of yalduth (childhood) is from three years and a day to twelve years and a day. as does the law of violation [which applies only to a girl between the ages of twelve years and a day, and twelve and a half], for there Scripture expressly stated, if a man find a ‘n’arah’ that is a virgin,267 but here He did not mention na’arah. The reason for this is that the term na’arah mentioned there [in the case of a violator], is used in order to exclude the bogereth [a woman who has passed the stage of maidenhood], who is considered an adult woman, whereas a girl who is a minor [between the ages of three years and a day and twelve years and a day], is also included under the terms of the law of violation. But here [in the case of seduction], it was not necessary to exclude a bogereth, for it is self-understood that one who seduces a bogereth pays nothing, as he did it with her mature consent. Besides, a father has no rights at all in his daughter after the days of her maidenhood, as it is written, ‘bin’ureihah’ (in her maidenhood) in her father’s house,268 and here He said, If her father utterly refuse to give her unto him,260 thus indicating that he [the father] can give her to him as a wife, seeing that he has the authority to take her betrothal-money, and this applies only when she is a minor or a na’arah,266 is a maiden between the age of twelve years and a day and twelve and a half. After that she counts as a bogereth — past her maidenhood. The period of yalduth (childhood) is from three years and a day to twelve years and a day. just as the Rabbis interpreted:269 “All benefits which accrue during maidenhood belong to her father.”270 to exclude a bogereth from the law of seduction, since the verse if her father utterly refuse etc. could not possibly speak of a bogereth. Hence it is self-understood that the section deals here with a na’arah, and there was no need to mention it. But in the case of violation etc. But in the case of a violation it was necessary to write na’arah, in order to exclude a bogereth266 is a maiden between the age of twelve years and a day and twelve and a half. After that she counts as a bogereth — past her maidenhood. The period of yalduth (childhood) is from three years and a day to twelve years and a day. from that law, because we might have thought that if she were a bogereth he should pay the fifty shekels of silver to her, [instead of to her father; it was therefore necessary to state] that it is a Scriptural decree [that if she is a bogereth he is free from that penalty], the reason being that since she is in full control of herself, she should guard herself against such a mishap.Now Rabbi Abraham ibn Ezra explained mohar as being an expression of “binding” [that he should bind her to him as a wife], similar in usage to the verse, Let the idols of them be multiplied ‘acheir maharu’ (who bind themselves to another god).271 But this is not correct; instead, the meaning of mohar is as I have explained it on the basis of the words of our Rabbis, of blessed memory. And in my opinion acheir maharu271 means, “those who are ‘hasty’ in thought, [from the root maheir — fast] and follow another god precipitately, without consideration and without knowledge.” In the writings of the grammarians272. [acheir maharu is explained as meaning]: “those who give mohar (gifts) to another god,” meaning that they bring him sacrifice and offering.