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Ramban on Genesis 1:20/רמב"ן על בראשית א׳:כ׳

איִשְׁרְצוּ הַמַּיִם שֶׁרֶץ כָּתַב רַשִׁ"י (רש"י על בראשית א':כ') כָּל דָּבָר חַי שֶׁאֵינוֹ גָּבוֹהַּ מִן הָאָרֶץ קָרוּי שֶׁרֶץ, בָּעוֹף כְּגוֹן זְבוּבִים, בַּשְּׁקָצִים כְּגוֹן נְמָלִים וְתוֹלָעִים, בַּבְּרִיּוֹת כְּגוֹן חֹלֶד וְעַכְבָּר וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָהֶם וְכָל הַדָּגִים. וּמָה יֹאמַר הָרַב בַּפָּסוּק וְאַתֶּם פְּרוּ וּרְבוּ שִׁרְצוּ בָאָרֶץ וּרְבוּ בָהּ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בְּנֹחַ וּבָנָיו (בראשית ט':ז'), וְכֵן "אֲשֶׁר שָׁרְצוּ הַמַּיִם" רָאוּי לְפִי הַדַּעַת הַזּוֹ שֶׁיֹּאמַר "אֲשֶׁר שָׁרְצוּ בַמַּיִם", וְעוֹפוֹת רַבִּים שֶׁאֵינָם גְּבוֹהִים מִן הָאָרֶץ כְּגֹבַהּ הַחֹלֶד הָעַכְבָּר וְהָעֲטַלֵּף קְטַן הָרַגְלַיִם מְאֹד, וְלָמָּה לֹא יִקָּרֵא "שֶׁרֶץ הָעוֹף". וְדַעַת אוּנְקְלוֹס (תרגום אונקלוס על בראשית א':כ') שֶׁעִנְיַן שְׁרִיצָה כְּטַעַם תְּנוּעָה, אָמַר בַּשֶּׁרֶץ וּבָרֶמֶשׂ, רִיחְשָׁא דְּרָחֵשׁ. וְיָפֶה פֵּרֵשׁ, וְיִקָּרְאוּ הַשְּׁרָצִים כֵּן בַּעֲבוּר שֶׁתְּנוּעָתָם תְּמִידִית. וְיִתָּכֵן שֶׁהוּא לָשׁוֹן מֻרְכָּב, יִקָּרֵא שֶׁרֶץ "שֶׁהוּא רָץ", וְרֶמֶשׂ שֶׁהוּא רוֹמֵשׂ הָאָרֶץ, לֹא יִשְׁקֹט וְלֹא יָנוּחַ. וְדַע כִּי כָל הָעוֹף אֲשֶׁר לוֹ אַרְבַּע רַגְלַיִם יִקָּרֵא "שֶׁרֶץ הָעוֹף" (ויקרא יא כ-כג), מִפְּנֵי שֶׁבְּרַגְלָיו יִסְמֹךְ וְיָנוּעַ כַּשְּׁרָצִים, וַאֲשֶׁר אֵינֶנּוּ כֵן יִקָּרֵא "עוֹף כָּנָף", שֶׁעִקַּר תְּנוּעָתוֹ לְעוֹפֵף. וְיִהְיֶה טַעַם "וְשָׁרְצוּ בָאָרֶץ וּפָרוּ וְרָבוּ עַל הָאָרֶץ" (בראשית ח':י"ז), שֶׁיִּהְיוּ מִתְהַלְּכִים בְּכֻלָּהּ וְיִפְרוּ וְיִרְבּוּ עָלֶיהָ, "שִׁרְצוּ בָאָרֶץ וּרְבוּ בָהּ" (בראשית ט':ז'), הִתְנוֹעֲעוּ בְּכֻלָּהּ וְתִרְבּוּ בָּהּ, וְהוּא טַעַם הַכֶּפֶל "וּרְבוּ" שְׁנֵי פְּעָמִים בַּפָּסוּק. וְאִם כֵּן נְפָרֵשׁ "אֲשֶׁר שָׁרְצוּ הַמַּיִם" (בראשית א':כ"א), אֲשֶׁר הֵנִיעוּ וְהוֹלִיכוֹ הַמַּיִם. וְכֵן "וְשָׁרַץ הַיְאֹר צְפַרְדְּעִים" (שמות ז כח), וְכֵן "פָּרוּ וַיִּשְׁרְצוּ" (שם א ז), שֶׁפָּרוּ וְרָבוּ וַיָּנֻעוּ לְרֻבָּם עַד שֶׁתִּמָּלֵא הָאָרֶץ מֵהֶם. אֲבָל אוּנְקְלוֹס פָּתַר בְּ"שִׁרְצוּ בָאָרֶץ" (בראשית ט':ז') עִנְיַן תּוֹלָדָה, "אִתְיְלִידוּ בְאַרְעָא", כִּי הוּא עָשָׂה הַלָּשׁוֹן מֻשְׁאָל מִן הַשְּׁרָצִים, וְאַתֶּם פְּרוּ וּרְבוּ כַּשְּׁרָצִים בָּאָרֶץ וּרְבוּ בָהּ, וְכֵן "פָּרוּ וַיִּשְׁרְצוּ" (שמות א ז), שֶׁהָיוּ בְּתוֹלְדֹתָם כַּשְּׁרָצִים לָרֹב:

1LET THE WATERS SWARM WITH ‘SHERETZ’ (SWARMS) OF LIVING CREATURES. Rashi wrote: “Every living creature that does not rise much above the ground is called sheretz, [e.g., species] of winged creatures such as flies; of abominable creatures such as ants and worms; of larger creatures such as the mole and the mouse and others of the same kind, and all fishes.”But what will the Rabbi¹⁷⁰ say of the verse, And you, be ye fruitful, and multiply; ‘shirtzu’ (swarm) in the earth and multiply therein,¹⁷¹ which was said to Noah and his sons? Likewise, the verse stating, which ‘hamayim’ (the waters) swarmed,¹⁷² should, according to this opinion of Rashi, read: “Which swarmed bamayim (in the waters).”¹⁷³ the waters. Again there are many winged creatures that do not rise in height above the ground even as much as the mole and mouse, and the bat has very small legs, so why should it not be called sheretz ha’oph (a winged swarming thing)?Onkelos’ opinion is that the term shritzah (swarming) has an implication of movement. Thus he says of both sheretz and remes: richasha d’rachish (moving things that move).¹⁷⁴, which Onkelos translated, richasha d’rachish. Thus it is obvious that Onkelos understood both words (sheretz and remes) as conveying a sense of movement. He has explained it correctly. Shratzim are so called because of their constant movement. It is possible that it is a composite word: sheretz, shehu ratz (that which runs). Remes is so called because it creeps upon the earth and is never quiet or at rest.Know that every winged creature that has four legs is called sheretz ha’oph (a winged creeping¹⁷⁵ thing) because it leans on its legs and moves like shratzim, and a winged creature which is not so is called oph kanaph (winged fowl) because its main method of movement is flying. The meaning of the verse, ‘Veshartzu’ in the earth and be fruitful, and multiply upon the earth¹⁷⁶ is thus: that they may walk¹⁷⁷ upon the entire earth, and be fruitful and multiply upon it. ‘Shirtzu’ in the earth and multiply therein¹⁷¹ means “move about the entire earth and multiply thereon.” This is the reason for the repetition of the word ur’vu (and ye multiply) in the verse.¹⁷⁸ [9:7]. Thus the first expression and multiply establishes the commandment of procreation; the second refers to the duty of making the whole earth habitable for people. This being so, we will explain the expression, which the waters ‘shartzu,’¹⁷² as meaning “which the waters have moved and brought forth.” Similarly, the expression, ‘Vesharatz’ the river with frogs¹⁷⁹ [means that the river moved and brought forth frogs]. Also, And the children of Israel were fruitful ‘vayishr’tzu,’¹⁸⁰, 1:7. means that they were fruitful and they multiplied and moved about because of their multitude until the land was filled with them.Onkelos, however, interpreted the verse, ‘Shirtzu’ in the earth,¹⁷¹ as having reference to propagation. He thus translated, “Propagate in the land,” since he understood the word shirtzu — a verb — as being borrowed from the noun shratzim (reptiles). [The verse, according to Onkelos, thus states:] “And you, be ye fruitful and multiply, as the prolific creatures in the earth, and multiply therein.” Similarly, And the children of Israel were fruitful ‘vayishr’tzu’¹⁸⁰, 1:7. means they brought forth progeny abundantly as the prolific creatures.

בוְעוֹף יְעוֹפֵף עַל הָאָרֶץ בַּיּוֹם הַזֶּה הָיָה מַאֲמַר הַבְּרִיאָה בַּמַּיִם, וְהָיָה בַּיּוֹם הַשִּׁשִּׁי בָּאָרֶץ, אִם כֵּן פֵּרוּשׁ "וְעוֹף יְעוֹפֵף עַל הָאָרֶץ" נִמְשָׁךְ, יִשְׁרְצוּ הַמַּיִם שֶׁרֶץ נֶפֶשׁ חַיָּה וְעוֹף שֶׁיְּעוֹפֵף. וְהַכָּתוּב שֶׁאָמַר "וַיִּצֶר ה' אֱלֹהִים מִן הָאֲדָמָה כָּל חַיַּת הַשָּׂדֶה וְאֵת כָּל עוֹף הַשָּׁמַיִם" (בראשית ב':י"ט) כְּאִלּוּ אָמַר "וַיִּצֶר ה' אֱלֹהִים כָּל חַיַּת הַשָּׂדֶה מִן הָאֲדָמָה וַיִּצֶר אֵת כָּל עוֹף הַשָּׁמַיִם", וְרַבִּים כָּמוֹהוּ. וְכֵן דַּעַת רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר הַגָּדוֹל בִּפְרָקָיו (ריש פרק ט), שֶׁאָמַר בַּחֲמִישִׁי הִשְׁרִיץ מִן הַמַּיִם כָּל עוֹף כָּנָף. אֲבָל בַּגְּמָרָא (חולין כז) נֶחְלְקוּ בּוֹ, יֵשׁ אוֹמְרִין כֵּן שֶׁמִּן הַמַּיִם נִבְרְאוּ, וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִין שֶׁהָעוֹף מִשְּׁנֵיהֶם נִבְרָא, אָמְרוּ מֵהָרְקָק נִבְרְאוּ. וְאִם כֵּן בַּעֲבוּר שֶׁתּוֹלְדֹתָם הָיְתָה בַּמַּיִם וְהָרְקָק בְּקַרְקַע הַיָּם הוּא, מִפְּנֵי זֶה הָיָה הַמַּאֲמָר בָּהֶם בַּיּוֹם הַחֲמִישִׁי. וְכֵן אָמַר "יִשְׁרְצוּ הַמַּיִם שֶׁרֶץ נֶפֶשׁ חַיָּה", כִּי הַדָּגִים גּוּפָם וְנַפְשָׁם מִן הַמַּיִם בִּדְבַר הָאֱלֹהִים שֶׁהֵבִיא לָהֶם רוּחַ מִן הַיְּסוֹדוֹת, לֹא כָּאָדָם שֶׁהִפְרִיד גּוּפוֹ מִנַּפְשׁוֹ, כְּמוֹ שֶׁאָמַר "וַיִּיצֶר ה' אֱלֹהִים אֶת הָאָדָם עָפָר מִן הָאֲדָמָה וַיִּפַּח בְּאַפָּיו נִשְׁמַת חַיִּים" (בראשית ב':ז'). וְלֹא הִזְכִּיר בַּשְּׁלִישִׁי בַּצּוֹמֵחַ נֶפֶשׁ כְּלָל, כִּי אֵין כֹּחַ הַגִּדּוּל נֶפֶשׁ רַק בְּבַעֲלֵי הַתְּנוּעָה בִּלְבַד הִיא. וְעַל דַּעַת הַיְּוָנִים שֶׁאוֹמְרִים כְּשֵׁם שֶׁאֵין הַגִּדּוּל בַּמִּתְנוֹעֵעַ רַק בַּנֶּפֶשׁ, כָּךְ בַּצּוֹמֵחַ בַּנֶּפֶשׁ יִגְדַּל, יִהְיֶה הֶפְרֵשׁ, כִּי זֹאת נֶפֶשׁ חַיָּה, כְּלוֹמַר נֶפֶשׁ שֶׁיֵּשׁ בּוֹ חַיּוּת, כִּי יֵשׁ נֶפֶשׁ אֵין בָּהּ חַיּוּת וְהִיא נֶפֶשׁ הַצּוֹמַחַת. וְהִזְכִּירוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ (ב"ר מא א) בְּאִילָנֵי הַתְּמָרִים תַּאֲוָה, וְאוּלַי הוּא כֹּחַ בַּצְּמִיחָה לֹא יִקָּרֵא נֶפֶשׁ:

2AND LET FOWL FLY ABOVE THE EARTH. On this fifth day the command of creation was given to the waters, and on the sixth day it was given to the earth. If so, the expression, and let fowl fly above the earth, must be interpreted as being connected with [the beginning of the verse which has the following meaning]: “Let the waters swarm with swarms of living creatures and with fowl that will fly.” And the verse stating, And the Eternal G-d formed out of the ground every beast of the field, and every fowl of the air,¹⁸¹ [which seems to indicate that the fowl were created from the ground, not from the water, must be understood] as if it said: “And the Eternal G-d formed out of the earth every beast of the field, and He also formed every fowl of the air out of the water.” There are many verses like this. So also is the opinion of Rabbi Eliezer the Great in his Chapters,¹⁸² where he says: “On the fifth day he caused all winged fowl to swarm from the waters.” However, in the Gemara¹⁸³ the Sages differ on this point. Some, agreeing with the previously mentioned interpretation, say that all winged fowl were created from the waters, and some say that they were created from both — in their words, “they were created from the swamps.” If so, since the fowl sprang from the waters, and the swamps are at the bottom of the ocean, this is why the command concerning their creation took place on the fifth day.Similarly He said, Let the waters swarm with swarms of living creatures, since both the body and soul of fish come from the waters by word of G-d Who brought upon them a spirit from the elements, unlike man, in whom He separated the body from his soul, as it is said, And the Eternal G-d formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life.¹⁸⁴ On the third day of creation when the plants came into being, He mentioned nothing at all concerning a soul because the power of growth which resides in plants is not a “soul;” only in moving beings is it a “soul.” And in the opinion of the Greeks, who say that just as in moving beings the power of growth is only through the soul, so also in the case of plants is the power of growth through a soul. The difference between them will be that the one [the moving being] is a nefesh chayah (a living soul),¹⁸⁵. Same in Verse 24, in the creation of beasts, etc. that is, a soul in which there is life, for there is a soul which has no life and that is the soul of plants. Our Rabbis have mentioned “desire” in connection with date trees.¹⁸⁶ Perhaps this is a force in growth, but it cannot be called “a soul.”