Tanach · Rishonim on Tanach · Ramban · Torah
Ramban on Genesis 15:12/רמב"ן על בראשית ט״ו:י״ב
אוְהִנֵּה אֵימָה חֲשֵׁכָה גְדֹלָה נֹפֶלֶת דָּרְשׁוּ בּוֹ רֶמֶז לְשִׁעְבּוּד אַרְבַּע גָּלִיּוֹת, כִּי מָצָא הַנָּבִיא בְּנַפְשׁוֹ אֵימָה, וְאַחַר כָּךְ בָּא בַּחֲשֵׁכָה, וְאַחַר כָּךְ גָּדְלָה הַחֲשֵׁכָה, וְאַחַר כָּךְ הִרְגִּישׁ כְּאִלּוּ הִיא נוֹפֶלֶת עָלָיו כְּמַשָּׂא כָבֵד תִּכְבַּד מִמֶּנּוּ. אָמְרוּ (ב"ר מד יז), "אֵימָה" זוֹ בָּבֶל, "חֲשֵׁכָה" זוֹ מָדַי שֶׁהֶחֱשִׁיכָה עֵינֵיהֶם שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּצוֹם וּבְתַעֲנִית, "גְּדוֹלָה" זוֹ מַלְכוּת אַנְטִיוֹכֻס, "נוֹפֶלֶת עָלָיו" זוֹ אֱדוֹם. וְהָיָה הָעִנְיָן הַזֶּה לְאַבְרָהָם כִּי כְּשֶׁהקב"ה כָּרַת עִמּוֹ בְּרִית לָתֵת הָאָרֶץ לְזַרְעוֹ לַאֲחֻזַּת עוֹלָם אָמַר לוֹ כִּמְשַׁיֵּר בְּמַתְּנָתוֹ שֶׁאַרְבַּע גָּלֻיּוֹת יִשְׁתַּעְבְּדוּ בְּבָנָיו וְיִמְשְׁלוּ בְּאַרְצָם, וְזֶה בְּעַל מְנָת אִם יֶחְטְאוּ לְפָנָיו, וְאַחֲרֵי כֵן הוֹדִיעוֹ בְּבֵאוּר גָּלוּת אַחֶרֶת שֶׁיִּגְלוּ תְּחִלָּה, שֶׁהוּא גָּלוּת מִצְרַיִם שֶׁכְּבָר נֶעֱנַשׁ בּוֹ, כַּאֲשֶׁר פֵּרַשְׁתִּי (רמב"ן על בראשית י"ב:י'):
1AND LO, A DREAD, EVEN A GREAT DARKNESS FELL UPON HIM. The Rabbis in the Midrash have interpreted this fourfold273 expression to be an allusion to the servitude of the four exiles,274 for the prophet275 Abraham found his soul overtaken by “a dread,” followed by “darkness,” which in turn became “a great darkness,” and then he felt as if an overwhelmingly heavy load “fell” upon him. Thus the Rabbis have said:276 “A dread, this is Babylon. Darkness, this is Media that darkened the eyes of Israel with fasting277 and affliction. Great, this is the kingdom of Antiochus.278 Fell upon him, this is Edom.279This experience came to Abraham because when the Holy One, blessed be He, made a covenant with him to give the land to his children as an everlasting possession, He said to him, by way of a residuary of His gift, that during the four exiles the nations will subjugate his children and rule in their land, subject to the condition that they sin before Him. Following this general allusion, He then informed him explicitly concerning another exile into which they will first go, namely, the Egyptian exile with which he had already been punished, as I have explained.280