Tanach · Rishonim on Tanach · Ramban · Torah

Ramban on Genesis 35:16/רמב"ן על בראשית ל״ה:ט״ז

אכִּבְרַת אָרֶץ מְנַחֵם פֵּרֵשׁ לְשׁוֹן "כַּבִּיר", מַהֲלָךְ רַב, וְאַגָּדָה (ב"ר פב ז), בִּזְמַן שֶׁהָאָרֶץ חֲלוּלָה כִּכְבָרָה, שֶׁהַנִּיר מָצוּי וְהַסְּתָו עָבַר וַעֲדַיִן הַשָּׁרָב לֹא בָּא. וְאֵין זֶה פְּשׁוּטוֹ שֶׁל מִקְרָא, שֶׁהֲרֵי בְּנַעֲמָן מָצִינוּ (מלכים ב ה יט) "וַיֵּלֶךְ מֵאִתּוֹ כִּבְרַת אָרֶץ". וְאוֹמֵר אֲנִי שֶׁהוּא שֵׁם מִדַּת קַרְקַע, לְשׁוֹן רַשִׁ"י (רש"י על בראשית ל"ה:ט"ז). וְהַנָּכוֹן מָה שֶׁחָשַׁב בּוֹ ר' דָּוִד קִמְחִי, כִּי הַכָּ"ף לְדִמְיוֹן וְאֵינֶנָּה שָׁרְשִׁית, וּמוֹצָא הַמִּלָּה "הָיוּ לְבָרוֹת לָמוֹ" (איכה ד י), "וְתַבְרֵנִי לֶחֶם" (שמואל ב יג ה), עִנְיַן אֲכִילָה מוּעֶטֶת בַּבֹּקֶר, וּפֵרוּשָׁהּ שִׁעוּר מַהֲלַךְ אֶרֶץ מִן הַבֹּקֶר עַד לְעֵת הָאֹכֶל, כִּי כֵן יְשַׁעֲרוּ כָּל הוֹלְכֵי דֶּרֶךְ. זֶה כָּתַבְתִּי תְּחִלָּה, וְעַכְשָׁו שֶׁזָּכִיתִי וּבָאתִי אֲנִי לִירוּשָׁלִַם, שֶׁבַח לָאֵל הַטּוֹב וְהַמֵּטִיב, רָאִיתִי בְּעֵינַי שֶׁאֵין מִן קְבוּרַת רָחֵל לְבֵית לֶחֶם אֲפִלּוּ מִיל, וְהִנֵּה הֻכְחַשׁ הַפֵּרוּשׁ הַזֶּה וְגַם דִּבְרֵי מְנַחֵם. אֲבָל הוּא שֵׁם מִדַּת הָאָרֶץ כְּדִבְרֵי רַשִׁ"י, וְאֵין בּוֹ תֹּאַר רַק הַסְכָּמָה כְּרֹב הַשֵּׁמוֹת, וְהַכָּ"ף לְשִׁמּוּשׁ, שֶׁלֹּא נִמְדַּד בְּכִוּוּן. וְאִם יִהְיֶה הַשֵּׁם הַזֶּה מִתֹּאַר יִתָּכֵן שֶׁיִּהְיֶה "בְּרַת" כְּמוֹ "בַּת", מִלְּשׁוֹן "מַה בְּרִי וּמַה בַּר בִּטְנִי" (משלי לא ב), וְהוּא שֵׁם לַמִּדָּה הַקְּטַנָּה שֶׁיִּמְדְּדוּ הוֹלְכֵי אָרְחוֹת כְּמוֹ לַמִּיל הַיּוֹם, וְיֵאָמֵר לָהּ "בַּת אָרֶץ" כִּי הַמִּדָּה כְּמוֹ בַּת לַפַּרְסָה אוֹ לְמִדָּה אַחֶרֶת יְדוּעָה בַּיָּמִים הָהֵם. וְכֵן רָאִיתִי שֶׁאֵין קְבוּרָה בָּרָמָה וְלֹא קָרוֹב לָהּ, אֲבָל הָרָמָה אֲשֶׁר לְבִנְיָמִן רָחוֹק מִמֶּנָּה כְּאַרְבַּע פַּרְסָאוֹת, וְהָרָמָה אֲשֶׁר בְּהַר אֶפְרַיִם (שמואל א א א) רָחוֹק מִמֶּנָּה יוֹתֵר מִשְּׁנֵי יָמִים. עַל כֵּן אֲנִי אוֹמֵר שֶׁהַכָּתוּב שֶׁאוֹמֵר "קוֹל בְּרָמָה נִשְׁמָע" (ירמיהו לא יד) – מְלִיצָה כְּדֶרֶךְ מָשָׁל, לֵאמֹר כִּי הָיְתָה רָחֵל צוֹעֶקֶת בְּקוֹל גָּדוֹל וּמִסְפֵּד מַר, עַד שֶׁנִּשְׁמַע הַקּוֹל לְמֵרָחוֹק בָּרָמָה שֶׁהִיא בְּרֹאשׁ הָהָר לִבְנָהּ בִּנְיָמִן כִּי אֵינֶנּוּ שָׁם וְהִיא חֲרֵבָה מֵהֶם. לֹא נֶאֱמַר בַּכָּתוּב "בְּרָמָה רָחֵל מְבַכָּה עַל בָּנֶיהָ" אֲבָל אָמַר כִּי שָׁם נִשְׁמַע הַקּוֹל. וְנִרְאֶה בְּעֵינַי כִּי קְבָרָהּ יַעֲקֹב בַּדֶּרֶךְ וְלֹא הִכְנִיסָהּ לְעִיר בֵּית לֶחֶם יְהוּדָה הַקְּרוֹבָה שָׁם, לְפִי שֶׁצָּפָה בְּרוּחַ הַקֹּדֶש שֶׁבֵּית לֶחֶם אֶפְרָתָה יִהְיֶה לִיהוּדָה, וְלֹא רָצָה לְקָבְרָהּ רַק בִּגְבוּל בְּנָהּ בִּנְיָמִן, וְהַדֶּרֶךְ אֲשֶׁר הַמַּצֵּבָה בָּהּ קְרוֹבָה לְבֵית אֵל בִּגְבוּל בִּנְיָמִין. וְכָךְ אָמְרוּ בְּסִפְרֵי (זאת הברכה לג יא), בְּחֶלְקוֹ שֶׁל בִּנְיָמִין מֵתָה, כִּדְאִיתָא בְּפָרָשַׁת וְזֹאת הַבְּרָכָה. וְרָאִיתִי לְיוֹנָתָן בֶּן עֻזִּיאֵל שֶׁהוּא מַרְגִּישׁ בָּזֶה וְאָמַר, "קַל בְּרוּם עָלְמָא אִשְׁתְּמַע" וְתִרְגֵּם כָּל הַכָּתוּב עַל כְּנֶסֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל:

1A ‘KIVRATH’ OF LAND. Menachem ben Saruk²⁰⁷. explained the word as having the meaning of kabir (much), i.e., great distance. A Midrashic explanation is: “At the time when the ground is full of holes like a sieve, when there was plenty of ploughed ground. The winter was past, but the dry season had not yet come.” This, however, cannot be the literal sense of the verse, for in the case of Naaman we find, And he departed from him a ‘kivrath’ of land,²⁰⁸ [which cannot possibly have this meaning since the sense there is that he had walked away but a small distance from Naaman when Gehazi immediately ran after him] . I think that it is a name for a measure of land. This is Rashi’s language.The correct interpretation is that which Rabbi David Kimchi²⁰⁹ has advanced, i.e., that the letter kaph in the word kivrath is the kaph of comparison and is not a root letter of the word, the basic word being as in the verses: They were their ‘levaruth’ (food);²¹⁰ ‘Vethavreini’ (and give me to eat) bread,²¹¹ meaning a small amount of food in the morning.²¹², and here in his commentary. And here the meaning of kivrath is the distance a pedestrian covers from morning to the time of eating, for all travellers measure distances in this manner.This I originally wrote when still in Spain, but now that I was worthy and came to Jerusalem²¹³ and Note 25 in Seder Lech Lecha. — praise to G-d Who is kind and deals kindly! — I saw with my eyes that there is not even a mile between Rachel’s grave and Bethlehem. This explanation of Rabbi David Kimchi has thus been refuted, as have the words of Menachem [ben Saruk, who said that there was a great distance between the grave and Bethlehem]. Rather kivrath is a name for a measure of land, as Rashi has said, and there is no adjectival part in the word but only a substantive as in most nouns, with the kaph serving a formative purpose to indicate that it was not an exact measure. And if the word be adjectival, modifying eretz, it is possible that brath is like bath, as in the expression, What ‘bri’ (my son)? and what “bar” (O son) of my womb?²¹⁴ The word bath is thus the name for a small measure of land by which travellers measure the way, similar to the present day mile. It is called “bath of the land” for this small measure is as “a daughter” to the Persian mile or some other measure known in those days.And I have also seen that Rachel’s grave is not in Ramah nor near it, [as the plain meaning of the verse in Jeremiah, 31:15, would seem to indicate: A voice is heard in Ramah… Rachel weeping for her children]. Instead, Ramah which is in Benjamin is about four Persian miles distant from it, and Ramah of the hill-country of Ephraim²¹⁵ is more than two days’ travel from it. Therefore, I say that the verse stating, A voice is heard in Ramah,²¹⁶ is a metaphor, in the manner of rhetorical expression, meaning to say that Rachel wept so loudly and bitterly that her voice was heard from afar in Ramah, which was on top of the mountain of [the territory of] her son Benjamin. [She cried for her children who went into exile] because they were not²¹⁶ there, and she was desolate of them. Thus Scripture does not say, “In Ramah, Rachel weeps for her children.” but it says that the voice was heard there.It appears to me that Jacob buried Rachel on the road and did not bring her into Bethlehem in Judah, which was near there, because he saw by the prophetic spirit that Bethlehem Ephrathah will belong to Judah,²¹⁷ and he wished to bury her only within the border of her son Benjamin, and the road on which the monument over Rachel’s grave stands is near to Beth-el in the border of Benjamin. And so the Rabbis have said in the Sifre:²¹⁸ “Rachel died in the portion of Benjamin,” as it is found in the Parshath V’zoth Habrachah.²¹⁸ Now I have seen in the Targum of Yonathan ben Uziel²¹⁹, on the three Targumim of the Pentateuch. that he discerned this, and he translated: “A voice is heard high in the world.” [He thus interpreted Ramah, not as the name of a place, since Rachel was not buried in Ramah, as explained above, but rather on the basis of its root ram (high)], and he thus translated the whole verse²¹⁶ as applying to the congregation of Israel rather than Rachel.