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Ramban on Genesis 38:2/רמב"ן על בראשית ל״ח:ב׳

אבַּת אִישׁ כְּנַעֲנִי אָמַר אוּנְקְלוֹס (תרגום אונקלוס על בראשית ל"ח:ב') "תַּגָּרָא", כְּלוֹמַר אִישׁ סוֹחֵר שֶׁבָּא לָגוּר בָּאָרֶץ בִּסְחוֹרָתוֹ. וְדַעְתּוֹ לוֹמַר כִּי בְּנֵי יַעֲקֹב יִשְׁתַּמְּרוּ מִלִּשָּׂא כְּנַעֲנִיּוֹת כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוָּה אֲבִיהֶם יִצְחָק גַּם אַבְרָהָם, וְכֵן הִזְכִּירוּ בַּגְּמָרָא בְּמַסֶּכֶת פְּסָחִים (פסחים נ'). וְהָיוּ נְשֵׁיהֶם מִצְרִיּוֹת עַמּוֹנִיּוֹת מוֹאֲבִיּוֹת וּמְיֻחֲסֵי בְּנֵי יִשְׁמָעֵאל וּבְנֵי קְטוּרָה. וּלְכָךְ יִחֵד הַכָּתוּב עַל שָׁאוּל בֶּן שִׁמְעוֹן (להלן מו י) "וְשָׁאוּל בֶּן הַכְּנַעֲנִית", כִּי הוּא לְבַדּוֹ בָּהֶם, וְגַם שָׁם דָּרְשׁוּ (ב"ר פ יא) שֶׁהִיא דִּינָה שֶׁנִּבְעֲלָה לִכְנַעֲנִי. וְרַבּוֹתֵינוּ (שם פד יט) נֶחְלְקוּ בַּדָּבָר, אָמְרוּ, רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר תְּאוֹמוֹת נוֹלְדוּ עִם הַשְּׁבָטִים וּנְשָׂאוּם. רַבִּי נְחֶמְיָה אוֹמֵר, כְּנַעֲנִיּוֹת הָיוּ. וְיִתָּכֵן שֶׁלֹּא הִקְפִּיד רַבִּי נְחֶמְיָה בְּיִחוּסָן, שֶׁלֹּא נִתְכַּוֵּן אֶלָּא לוֹמַר שֶׁנָּשְׂאוּ מִנְּשֵׁי אֶרֶץ כְּנַעַן, אֲבָל הָיוּ מִן הַגֵּרִים וְהַתּוֹשָׁבִים הַבָּאִים מִכָּל הָאֲרָצוֹת, אוֹ עַמּוֹנִיּוֹת וּמוֹאֲבִיּוֹת וּמִיֶּתֶר הָעַמִּים, כִּי לֹא נִתְכַּוֵּן רַק לַחְלֹק עַל רַבִּי יְהוּדָה שֶׁלֹּא נָשְׂאוּ אַחְיוֹתֵיהֶם, שֶׁאֲחוֹתוֹ מִן הָאֵם אֲסוּרָה לִבְנֵי נֹחַ (סנהדרין נח). וּלְדַעַת רַבִּי יְהוּדָה יִצְטָרְכוּ בְּנֵי לֵאָה לָשֵׂאת תְּאוֹמוֹת שִׁשָּׁה הָאֲחֵרִים, וְהֵם יִשְׂאוּ שֶׁלָּהֶם, אוֹ שֶׁלֹּא יוֹדֶה ר' נְחֶמְיָה בַּתְּאוֹמוֹת כְּלָל, וְלֹא הָיְתָה לוֹ בַּת זוּלָתִי דִּינָה, כְּמַשְׁמָעוּת הַכָּתוּב. וְעַל דֶּרֶךְ סְבָרָא אֵינֶנּוּ נָכוֹן שֶׁיִּשְׂאוּ כֻּלָּם כְּנַעֲנִיּוֹת, שֶׁיִּהְיֶה בְּנוֹחֲלֵי הָאָרֶץ מִזֶּרַע כְּנַעַן הָעֶבֶד הָאָרוּר כְּמוֹ מִזַּרְעוֹ שֶׁל אַבְרָהָם, וְהַכָּתוּב צִוָּה לְהַחֲרִימוֹ וְלֹא תִּהְיֶה לוֹ שְׁאֵרִית וּפְלֵיטָה, וְעַל כָּל פָּנִים זֶה הָאִישׁ תַּגָּר, כִּי לָמָּה יִצְטָרֵךְ הַכָּתוּב לֵאמֹר כִּי הוּא כְּנַעֲנִי בְּיִחוּסוֹ וְכָל אַנְשֵׁי הָאָרֶץ הַהִיא כְּנַעֲנִים הֵם מִן הַפְּרִזִּי וּמִן הַיְבוּסִי וַאֲחֵיהֶם, כִּי לִכְנַעַן יִתְיַחֲסוּ כֻּלָּם, וַעֲדֻלָּם בְּאֶרֶץ כְּנַעַן הִיא, וְהָרָאוּי הָיָה שֶׁיֹּאמַר וַיִּקַּח שָׁם יְהוּדָה אִשָּׁה וּשְׁמָהּ כָּךְ, כַּאֲשֶׁר הִזְכִּיר שְׁמוֹת הַנָּשִׁים בְּתָמָר וּנְשֵׁי עֵשָׂו וְזוּלָתָן (לעיל ד יט יא כט כה א). אֲבָל פֵּרֵשׁ בּוֹ שֶׁהוּא תַּגָּר, שֶׁאֵינֶנּוּ מִן הָאָרֶץ שֶׁהָיְתָה לַחִוִּי אוֹ לָאֱמֹרִי. וְזֶה טַעַם "וַיַּרְא שָׁם יְהוּדָה בַּת אִישׁ כְּנַעֲנִי", כִּי בַּעֲבוּר אָבִיהָ נְשָׂאָהּ. וְהַכָּתוּב שֶׁאָמַר "בְּנֵי יְהוּדָה עֵר וְאוֹנָן וְשֵׁלָה שְׁלֹשָׁה נוֹלְדוּ לוֹ מִבַּת שׁוּעַ הַכְּנַעֲנִית" (דהי"א ב ג), בַּעֲבוּר הֱיוֹתָהּ בַּת אִישׁ הַכְּנַעֲנִי תִּקָּרֵא כֵן, כִּי הָאִישׁ הַהוּא יִקָּרֵא לָהֶם הַסּוֹחֵר, כִּי הוּא יָדוּעַ וּמֻבְהָק בִּסְחוֹרָתוֹ אֲשֶׁר בַּעֲבוּרָהּ גָּר שָׁם. וְרַבִּי אַבְרָהָם אָמַר (להלן מו י), כִּי בַּעֲבוּר הֱיוֹת הָאִשָּׁה הַזֹּאת כְּנַעֲנִית וְעָבַר עַל דַּעַת אֲבוֹתָיו, הָיוּ בָּנֶיהָ רָעִים וּמֵתוּ, וְלָכֵן הִזְכִּירוֹ הַכָּתוּב, וְשָׁאוּל לְבַדּוֹ הִזְכִּיר שֶׁהָיָה בֶּן הַכְּנַעֲנִית כִּי לֹא הֻצְרַךְ לְהַזְכִּיר כֵּן בְּשֵׁלָה. וְאִם כֵּן יִהְיֶה טַעַם "וַיַּרְא שָׁם יְהוּדָה", כְּלוֹמַר שֶׁרָאָה אוֹתָהּ וְחָשַׁק בָּהּ, כְּעִנְיַן "וַיַּרְא אִשָּׁה בְּתִמְנָתָה" דְּשִׁמְשׁוֹן (שופטים יד א), וּבְפָרָשַׁת וַיְחִי יַעֲקֹב (רש"י על בראשית נ':י"ג) כָּתַב רַשִׁ"י זַ"ל, "וַיִּשְׂאוּ אוֹתוֹ בָנָיו" וְלֹא בְּנֵי בָנָיו, שֶׁכָּךְ צִוָּם, אַל יִטְעֲנוּ בְּמִטָּתִי אֶחָד מִבְּנֵיכֶם לְפִי שֶׁהֵם מִבְּנוֹת כְּנַעַן (במדב"ר ב ח). וְיִהְיֶה זֶה לְפִי שֶׁשָּׁאוּל בֶּן שִׁמְעוֹן וְשֵׁלָה בֶּן יְהוּדָה הָיוּ מִבְּנוֹת כְּנַעַן, וְלָכֵן יוֹצִיא אֶת כֻּלָּם. אֲבָל בַּנֻּסְחָאוֹת שֶׁלָּנוּ בִּבְרֵאשִׁית רַבָּה מָצִינוּ בְּכֻלָּן, אֶחָד מִבְּנֵי בְּנֵיכֶם, שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהֶם מִבְּנוֹת כְּנַעַן. וְכֵן תָּמָר הָיְתָה בַּת אַחַת מִן הַגֵּרִים בָּאָרֶץ, לֹא בַּת אִישׁ כְּנַעֲנִי בְּיִחוּסוֹ, כִּי חָלִילָה שֶׁיִּהְיֶה אֲדוֹנֵנוּ דָּוִד וּמְשִׁיחַ צִדְקֵנוּ שֶׁיִּגָּלֶה לָנוּ בִּמְהֵרָה מִזֶּרַע כְּנַעַן הָעֶבֶד הַמְּקֻלָּל. וְרַבּוֹתֵינוּ אָמְרוּ (ב"ר פה י) בְּתָמָר שֶׁהָיְתָה בִּתּוֹ שֶׁל שֵׁם, וְהוּא כֹהֵן לְאֵל עֶלְיוֹן:

1A DAUGHTER OF A CERTAIN CANAANITE. [In translating “Canaanite,” Onkelos said “merchant.” That is to say, a merchantman who came to dwell in the land of Canaan for business reasons. His intent is to say that Jacob’s sons guarded themselves from marrying Canaanitish women, as Isaac and Abraham, their fathers, had commanded.¹⁰⁷ And thus did the Sages mention in the Gemara of Tractate Pesachim.¹⁰⁸ They took as wives women from Egypt, Ammon, Moab, and from the noble families of the children of Ishmael and the sons of Keturah. It is for this reason that Scripture singles out Shaul, the son of Simeon, as the son of a Canaanitish woman,¹⁰⁹ as he was the only one among them. And even there the Rabbis expounded¹¹⁰ that the reference is to Dinah who had relations with a Canaanite [Shechem].Our Rabbis, however, have differed in this matter. Thus they have said:¹¹¹, 84:19. “Rabbi Yehudah says, ‘Twin sisters were born with each of Jacob’s sons, and they took them as wives.’ Rabbi Nechemyah says, ‘Their wives were Canaanitish women.’” It is possible that Rabbi Nechemyah was not particular about [ the term “Canaanitish” and did not mean it to indicate] their genealogy. He meant to say only that they took women from the land of Canaan as wives. However, they were from among the strangers and the sojourners who had come there from all lands, either Ammonite or Moabite women, and other peoples. His purpose¹¹² was only to differ with Rabbi Yehudah and say that they did not marry their sisters, since a maternal sister is forbidden to the sons of Noah. But according to Rabbi Yehudah it will be necessary to say that the sons of Leah married the twin sisters of the six other brothers,¹¹³ (sons of Noah). Consequently they could marry a paternal sister but not a maternal sister. See Sanhedrin 58 a; Rambam, Hilchoth Melachim 9:5. and they in turn wed the twin sisters of the sons of Leah. It may be that Rabbi Nechemyah does not at all admit the existence of these twins, with Jacob not having any daughter other than Dinah, as the literal interpretation of Scripture would indicate.It is not logically correct to say that they all married Canaanitish women since there would then have been descendants of Canaan, the accursed servant, among those who inherited the land, just as there were representatives of the seed of Abraham, and Scripture has commanded that he be destroyed until neither remnant nor survivor remain.In any case,¹¹⁴ this man [the Canaanite referred to here] was a merchant, for why should Scripture find it necessary to state that he was a Canaanite by descent when all people of the land were Canaanites, of the Perizzites and Jebusites and their brothers, as all of these traced their genealogy to Canaan? Adullam, [from where this man came] furthermore, was in the land of Canaan.¹¹⁵ It would then have been proper for the verse to say: “And Judah took there a wife with such-and-such a name,” just as it mentions the names of the women in the case of Tamar, and Esau’s wives,¹¹⁶ and others. But the true explanation is that he was a merchant, not of the land of Canaan, which belonged to the Hivite or the Amorite. This then is the meaning of the verse: And Judah saw there a daughter of a certain Canaanite, implying that he married her on account of her father.¹¹⁷, meaning that he saw a man there who was not of the regular community. The word “Canaanite” must therefore mean merchant, for they were all Canaanites, and if “Canaanite” were to refer to his genealogy it would not be significant enough to be mentioned. And concerning the verse which states, The sons of Judah: Er, and Onan, and Shelah; which three were born unto him of Bath-shua the Canaanitess,¹¹⁸ this is due to the fact that being the daughter of the man called “the Canaanite,” she was also so called, since this man was called “the merchant” by them as he was known for, and expert in, his trade, on account of which he settled there.Rabbi Abraham ibn Ezra says¹¹⁹ that because this woman was a Canaanitess, and Judah had transgressed the opinion of his fathers, her children were evil and they died. And this is why concerning Shaul,¹⁰⁹ Scripture mentions only that he was the son of a Canaanitish woman, but with respect to Shelah the son of Judah it was not necessary for Scripture to mention it¹²⁰ [when enumerating the descendants of Jacob who entered Egypt].If so,¹²¹ the expression, And Judah saw there a daughter, would mean that he saw her and desired her, even as it says of Samson, And he saw a woman in Timnah.¹²² And in the Parshah of Vayechi Yaakov, Rashi wrote: “And his sons bore him,¹²³ but not his sons’ sons. For thus indeed did Jacob command them; ‘My bier shall not be borne by any of your sons since they are children of Canaanitish women.’”¹²⁴It may be that, according to Rashi, Jacob said this of Shaul the son of Simeon, and Shelah the son of Judah, who were of the daughters of Canaan, and therefore Jacob excluded all the other [grandsons although their mothers were not Canaanitish]. However, in all of our texts of Bereshith Rabbah¹²⁵ we find this version: “My bier shall not be borne by any of your sons’ sons, as there is among them of the daughters of Canaan.”¹²⁶ (46:10).” Thus it is clear from this Midrash that only Shaul was born of a Canaanitish woman, but not Shelah the son of Judah. Tamar likewise was the daughter of one of the strangers living in the land, not the daughter of a man who was a Canaanite by descent. Far be it that our lord David¹²⁷ and the Messiah our just one, who will speedily reveal himself to us, be of the seed of Canaan, the accursed servant. Our Rabbis have also said¹²⁸ concerning Tamar that she was the daughter of Shem, of whom it is said, And he was a priest of the most high G-d.¹²⁹