Tanach · Rishonim on Tanach · Ramban · Torah
Ramban on Numbers 22:23/רמב"ן על במדבר כ״ב:כ״ג
אוַתֵּרֶא הָאָתוֹן אֶת מַלְאַךְ ה' – מַלְאֲכֵי הַשֵּׁם הַשְּׂכָלִים הַנִּבְדָּלִים לֹא יֵרָאוּ לְחוּשׁ הָעֵינַיִם, כִּי אֵינָם גּוּף נִתְפָּשׂ בַּמַּרְאֶה. וְכַאֲשֶׁר יֵרָאוּ לַנְּבִיאִים אוֹ לְאַנְשֵׁי הָרוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ כְּדָנִיֵּאל, יַשִּׂיגוּ אוֹתָם בְּמַרְאוֹת הַנֶּפֶשׁ הַמַּשְׂכֶּלֶת כַּאֲשֶׁר תַּגִּיעַ לְמַעֲלַת הַנְּבוּאָה אוֹ לְמַדְרֵגָה שֶׁתַּחְתֶּיהָ, אֲבָל שֶׁיּוּשְׂגוּ לְעֵינֵי הַבְּהֵמָה אִי אֶפְשָׁר. עַל כֵּן תּוּכַל לְפָרֵשׁ וַתֵּרֶא הָאָתוֹן כִּי הִרְגִּישָׁה בְּדָבָר מַפְחִיד אוֹתָהּ מִלַּעֲבֹר, וְהוּא הַמַּלְאָךְ אֲשֶׁר יָצָא לְשָׂטָן, כְּעִנְיַן ״וְלִבִּי רָאָה הַרְבֵּה חָכְמָה וָדָעַת״ (קהלת א, טז), שֶׁיֵּאָמֵר עַל הַהַשָּׂגָה לֹא עַל הָרְאוּת. וְכַאֲשֶׁר אֵרַע בָּהּ הַנֵּס וְשָׂם לָהּ הַבּוֹרֵא הַדִּבּוּר, אָמְרָה לְבִלְעָם ״הַהַסְכֵּן הִסְכַּנְתִּי לַעֲשׂוֹת לְךָ כֹּה״ (במדבר כ״ב:ל׳), אֲבָל לֹא יָדְעָה לָמָּה עָשְׂתָה עַתָּה כֵּן, כִּי לְאָנְסָהּ נַעֲשָׂה בָּהּ כָּךְ. וּלְפִיכָךְ לֹא אָמְרָה לוֹ, הִנֵּה מַלְאַךְ הַשֵּׁם עוֹמֵד לְנֶגְדִּי וְחַרְבּוֹ שְׁלוּפָה בְּיָדוֹ, כִּי לֹא עָלְתָה הַשָּׂגָתָהּ לָדַעַת זֶה כְּלָל. וְאָמַר ״וַתֵּרֶא אֶת מַלְאַךְ ה' וְחַרְבּוֹ שְׁלוּפָה בְּיָדוֹ״ - לֹא שֶׁתִּרְאֶה חֶרֶב אַף כִּי מַלְאָךְ, אֲבָל יִרְמֹז הַכָּתוּב כִּי מִפְּנֵי הֱיוֹת הַמַּלְאָךְ נָכוֹן לְהַכּוֹת בָּהּ, חָרְדָה חֲרָדָה גְדוֹלָה, נִדְמֶה לָהּ כְּאִלּוּ בָּאִים לִשְׁחֹט אוֹתָהּ. וְאִם נֹאמַר כִּי הַמַּלְאָכִים הַנִּרְאִים בִּדְמוּת אֲנָשִׁים כַּאֲשֶׁר הִזְכַּרְתִּי בְּפָרָשַׁת וַיֵּרָא (בראשית יח ב) יוּשְׂגוּ אַף לְעֵינֵי הַבְּהֵמוֹת, אִם כֵּן אֵיךְ לֹא יִרְאֶנּוּ בִלְעָם וְלֹא הֻכָּה בְּסַנְוֵרִים? אֲבָל יִתָּכֵן שֶׁהוֹסִיף בְּהַשָּׂגַת עֵינֶיהָ מִי שֶׁהוֹסִיף בָּהּ הַדִּבּוּר, וְרָאֲתָה כְּאָדָם. וְלֹא הִזְכִּיר בָּהּ הַכָּתוּב "וַיְגַל הַשֵּׁם עֵינֵי הָאָתוֹן" כַּאֲשֶׁר הִזְכִּיר בַּאֲדוֹנֶיהָ (במדבר כ״ב:ל״א), כִּי הָעִנְיָן כֻּלּוֹ בָּאָתוֹן נֵס גָּדוֹל כִּבְרִיאָה חֲדָשָׁה בַּנִּבְרָאִים בֵּין הַשְּׁמָשׁוֹת, וְאֵינוֹ נִקְרָא גִּלּוּי עֵינַיִם בִּלְבַד. אֲבָל רַבּוֹתֵינוּ (אבות פ״ה מ״ו) לֹא יַזְכִּירוּ בַּנִּסִּים רַק פְּתִיחַת פִּיהָ. וְטַעַם הַנֵּס הַזֶּה לְהַרְאוֹת לְבִלְעָם ״מִי שָׂם פֶּה לָאָדָם אוֹ מִי יָשׂוּם אִלֵּם״, לְהוֹדִיעוֹ כִּי הַשֵּׁם פּוֹתֵחַ פִּי הַנֶּאֱלָמִים, וְכָל שֶׁכֵּן שֶׁיַּאֲלִם פִּי הַמְדַבְּרִים, גַּם יָשִׂים בְּפִיהֶם דְּבָרִים לְדַבֵּר כִּרְצוֹנוֹ, כִּי הַכֹּל בְּיָדוֹ. וּלְהַזְהִירוֹ שֶׁלֹּא יֵלֵךְ אַחַר נַחַשׁ וְקֶסֶם וִיקַלְּלֵם בָּהֶם, כִּי מְנַחֵשׁ וְקוֹסֵם הָיָה:
1AND THE ASS SAW THE ANGEL OF THE ETERNAL. Angels of G-d — which are Separate Intelligences63, pp. 228-231, where Ramban discusses at length the subject of angels in relation to prophecy. — cannot be perceived by the [human] sense of sight, for they are not physical beings which can be apprehended by sight. And when they become visible to prophets or to men possessed of Ruach Hakodesh,64, Note 71 and Ramban ibid. such as Daniel,65 worthy of receiving Ruach Hakodesh. they are apprehended by them through the perception of the rational soul which reaches the degree of prophecy or some lower degree, but that they [the angels] should be perceived by the eyes of an animal — that is impossible! Therefore you could explain [the phrase] and the ass saw [the angel of the Eternal] to mean that she felt the presence of something which frightened her off from passing on, namely the angel that had gone forth for an adversary.41 This is a similar expression [to that which says]: yea, my heart ‘ra’ah’ [literally: “had seen”] much wisdom and knowledge,66 [the term “seeing” here] being used [in the sense of] perception, and not [in the sense of] physical sight [since the heart does not “see”]. Now when this miracle occurred to the ass, and the Creator gave her [the power of] speech, she said to Balaam, Was I ever wont to do so unto thee?,67 but [nonetheless] she did not know why she did so now, because she was forced to do so. Therefore she did not say to him: “Behold the angel of G-d stands over against me with his sword drawn in his hand,”68 since her perception did not reach this knowledge at all. [Our verse] saying: And the ass saw the angel of the Eternal standing in the way, with his sword drawn in his hand does not mean that she [actually] saw the sword, let alone the angel; but the verse is hinting that since the angel was ready to strike them, she trembled very exceedingly,69 because she felt as if people were coming to slaughter her. [We must explain that the ass merely felt the angel’s presence, but did not actually see him, because] if we were to say that those angels that appear in human form — as I have mentioned in the section of Vayeira70 — can be seen even by the eyes of an animal, then how was it that Balaam did not see him, since he was not smitten with blindness! It is, however, possible that He Who gave the ass the power of speech, also bestowed upon her an additional power of vision, so that she saw the likeness of a human being, although Scripture does not mention it. Thus G-d opened the eyes of the ass [and she indeed saw the angel], just as Scripture mentions [later] in regard to her master, [And the Eternal opened the eyes of Balaam, and he saw the angel of the Eternal].71 For the whole matter of the ass was a great miracle, being a “new creation” like those that were created at twilight [on the eve of the first Sabbath],72 matter of the ass — beginning with her seeing the angel, and culminating in her speech — were like “a new creation” similar to those things created “at twilight on the eve of the first Sabbath.” — Various interpretations have been suggested on the necessity for these special creations. Rambam in his commentary to the Mishnah explains it as follows: Since the law of nature was established by G-d, it was His wish that it be not interfered with under any circumstance. But since He foresaw certain emergencies in the history of His people that would require special intervention in the normal operation of nature He made provision for them at the final completion of creation before the nightfall which ushered in the first Sabbath. and it is not merely called “an opening of eyes.” However, our Rabbis have only mentioned72 matter of the ass — beginning with her seeing the angel, and culminating in her speech — were like “a new creation” similar to those things created “at twilight on the eve of the first Sabbath.” — Various interpretations have been suggested on the necessity for these special creations. Rambam in his commentary to the Mishnah explains it as follows: Since the law of nature was established by G-d, it was His wish that it be not interfered with under any circumstance. But since He foresaw certain emergencies in the history of His people that would require special intervention in the normal operation of nature He made provision for them at the final completion of creation before the nightfall which ushered in the first Sabbath. amongst the miracles the opening of the mouth [of the ass, although the whole matter — and especially her seeing the angel — was miraculous in nature]. The reason for this miracle was to show Balaam Who hath made man’s mouth, or Who maketh a man dumb?73 and to make him realize that it is G-d Who opens the mouth for the dumb,74 and [since He can make the dumb speak], how much more so can He make dumb at His Will the mouth of those who can speak, and can also put words into their mouths, so that they speak in accordance with His Will, for everything is in His power. It was [thus] a warning to him [Balaam] not to follow enchantments and soothsaying, and [not] to curse Israel thereby, because he was [primarily] an enchanter and soothsayer.75