Tanach · Rishonim on Tanach · Ramban · Torah
Ramban on Numbers 22:31/רמב"ן על במדבר כ״ב:ל״א
אוַיְגַל ה' אֶת עֵינֵי בִלְעָם – מִזֶּה הַכָּתוּב נִלְמַד כִּי בִּלְעָם לֹא הָיָה נָבִיא. אִלּוּ הָיָה נָבִיא, אֵיךְ יִצְטָרֵךְ לְגִלּוּי הָעֵינַיִם בִּרְאִיַּת הַמַּלְאָךְ, כַּאֲשֶׁר יֹאמַר הַכָּתוּב בְּמִי שֶׁלֹּא הִגִּיעַ לִנְבוּאָה כְּנַעַר אֱלִישָׁע (מלכים ב ו יז) וְהָגָר הַמִּצְרִית (בראשית כא יט), וְלֹא יֹאמַר כֵּן בַּנְּבִיאִים. וְכָךְ קְרָאוֹ הַכָּתוּב "בִּלְעָם בֶּן בְּעוֹר הַקּוֹסֵם" (יהושע יג כב). וּמַה שֶׁאָמַר הוּא ״כַּאֲשֶׁר יְדַבֵּר ה' אֵלָי״ (במדבר כ״ב:ח׳), יִקְרָא יְדִיעָתוֹ הָעֲתִידוֹת בִּקְסָמָיו דְּבַר ה'. אֲבָל לִכְבוֹד יִשְׂרָאֵל בָּא אֵלָיו הַשֵּׁם בַּלַּיְלָה הַהוּא, וְאַחֲרֵי כֵן זָכָה לְגִלּוּי עֵינַיִם בִּרְאִיַּת הַמַּלְאָךְ וְדִבֵּר עִמּוֹ, וּבַסּוֹף עָלָה לְמַעֲלַת מַחֲזֵה שַׁדַּי (להלן כד ד טז), וְהַכֹּל בַּעֲבוּר יִשְׂרָאֵל וְלִכְבוֹדָם. וְאַחֲרֵי שֶׁשָּׁב לְאַרְצוֹ הָיָה קוֹסֵם, כִּי כֵן יִקְרָאֶנּוּ הַכָּתוּב בְּמִיתָתוֹ: ״וְאֶת בִּלְעָם בֶּן בְּעוֹר הַקּוֹסֵם הָרְגוּ בֶחָרֶב״ (יהושע יג כב), וְחָלִילָה שֶׁיִּשְׁלְחוּ יָד בִּנְבִיא הַשֵּׁם. וְכָךְ אָמְרוּ בְּמִדְרַשׁ בְּמִדְבַּר סִינַי רַבָּה (במדבר רבה כ׳:י״ט): בִּלְעָם נִזְקַק לְרוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ, וּכְשֶׁנִּזְדַּוֵּג לְבָלָק נִסְתַּלְּקָה מִמֶּנּוּ רוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ וְחָזַר לִהְיוֹת קוֹסֵם כְּבַתְּחִלָּה, לְפִיכָךְ צָוַח: רָם הָיִיתִי וְהוֹרִידַנִי בָּלָק:
1AND THE ETERNAL OPENED THE EYES OF BALAAM. From this verse we learn that Balaam was not a prophet [who habitually received Divine messages], because had he been a prophet, how could it be that he required “opening of the eyes” to see the angel, which is the term used by Scripture about someone who has not reached the degree of prophecy, such as Elisha’s young man,76. or Hagar the Egyptian,77. and Scripture does not speak in this manner about the prophets! And indeed Scripture calls him, Balaam the son of Beor, the soothsayer.78 And when Balaam said, as the Eternal may speak unto me,79 he called his [ability] to know future events by means of his soothsaying “the word of G-d,” [and it does not refer to the gift of prophecy]. But for the sake of the honor of Israel G-d [indeed] came to him that night80, Verse 9. [in a prophet-like vision], and afterwards he was favored with “opening of the eyes” in seeing the angel, and speaking to him, and finally he attained the degree of [seeing] the vision of the Almighty81 — all this being for the sake of Israel and in their honor. But after he returned to his land, however, he [reverted to the status of a mere] soothsayer, for that is how Scripture describes him at [the time of] his death, [saying]: And Balaam the son of Beor, the soothsayer, did the children of Israel slay with the sword,78 and G-d forbid that they should stretch forth a hand against a prophet of G-d! And so did the Rabbis say in the Midrash Bamidbar Sinai Rabbah:82 “Balaam partook of the Ruach Hakodesh,64, Note 71 and Ramban ibid. but after he associated himself with Balak, the Ruach Hakodesh departed from him and he became again a [mere] soothsayer, as he had been originally. Therefore he complained: ‘I was elevated [in prophecy], but Balak brought about my descent.’”