Tanach · Rishonim on Tanach · Sforno · Torah
Sforno on Exodus 4:21/ספורנו על שמות ד׳:כ״א
אבְּלֶכְתְּךָ לָשׁוּב מִצְרַיְמָה. בְּכָל פַּעַם שֶׁאֶשְׁלָחֲךָ מֵאָהֳלְךָ שֶׁיִּהְיֶה חוּץ לְעִיר מִצְרַיִם, כְּאָמְרוֹ (שמות ט:כט) "כְּצֵאתִי אֶת הָעִיר אֶפְרֹשׂ כַּפַּי", וַאֲצַוְּךָ שֶׁתָּשׁוּב לְמִצְרַיִם לְדַבֵּר אֶל פַּרְעֹה.
1בלכתך לשוב מצרימה, every time I tell you to leave your tent which is outside the boundary of the Egyptian capital, etc., do precisely what I command you. The nature of the capital, with all its abominations prevented prayer offered in that city to G’d to become effective, as we know from 9,29 where Moses explains this to Pharaoh. G’d says: “I will command you from time to time to enter the capital in order to speak to Pharaoh.”
ברְאֵה כָּל הַמּוֹפְתִים אֲשֶׁר שַׂמְתִּי בְיָדֶךָ. עַיֵּן בְּכָל פַּעַם בְּכָל הַמּוֹפְתִים שֶׁיִּהְיוּ אָז מוּשָׂמִים בְּיָדְךָ, לַעֲשׂוֹתָם עַל הָאֹפֶן וְהַסֵּדֶר אֲשֶׁר אֲצַוְּךָ.
2ראה כל המופתים אשר שמתי בידך, pay careful attention each time you go to Pharaoh when you will be equipped with the power to perform all the miracles which I have placed at your disposal. You must perform these in exactly the manner I have instructed you.
גוַעֲשִׂיתָם לִפְנֵי פַרְעֹה. אָז תַּצְלִיחַ לַעֲשׂוֹתָם לִפְנֵי פַרְעֹה כְּשֶׁלֹּא תְשַׁנֶּה. כִּי כְשֶׁיֶּחֱטָא הָאָדָם בְּמִצְוֹת בּוֹרְאוֹ בְּחָסֵר וּבְיָתֵר, יְקַלְקֵל הַכַּוָּנָה וְהִיא לֹא תִּצְלַח, כְּמוֹ שֶׁהָיָה הָעִנְיָן בְּמֵי מְרִיבָה. וְכֵן צִוָּה בְּקִיּוּם הַמִּצְוֹת (דברים ד:ב) "לֹא תֹסִפוּ וְלֹא תִגְרְעוּ".
3ועשיתם לפני פרעה, you will be successful in this only if you proceed exactly in the manner in which I instruct you, and in the presence of Pharaoh. When a creature sins against his Creator by doing either less or more than instructed to do, he will fail in what he set out to do. This rule did not only apply to Moses and Aaron when they set out to perform miracles, but it is a general rule applicable to all of G’d’s commandments, and this is why the Torah spelled this out in Deuteronomy 4,2 writing “do not add or subtract from all the commandments which I have commanded you.”
דוַאֲנִי אֲחַזֵּק אֶת לִבּוֹ. כִּי בִּהְיוֹתוֹ בִּלְתִּי יָכוֹל לִסְבֹּל הַמַּכּוֹת, הָיָה מְשַׁלֵּחַ אֶת הָעָם בְּלִי סָפֵק, לֹא מִפְּנֵי שֶׁיִּכָּנַע לָאֵל יִתְבָּרַךְ לַעֲשׂוֹת רְצוֹנוֹ, וְלָזֶה חִזֵּק אֶת לִבּוֹ שֶׁיִּתְאַמֵּץ לִסְבֹּל הַמַּכּוֹת וּלְבִלְתִּי שַׁלְּחָם.
4ואני אחזק את לבו, for if he could not endure the plagues he would let the Israelites go, not because he was finally humbling himself before the Lord and do His will, but only in order to get relief from the plagues. This was not a good enough reason to grant him relief; therefore G’d reinforced his natural obstinacy.