Tanach · Rishonim on Tanach · Sforno · Torah

Sforno on Genesis 16:12/ספורנו על בראשית ט״ז:י״ב

אפֶּרֶא אָדָם. פֶּרֶא הוּא חֲמוֹר הַבַּר, אָמַר שֶׁיִּהְיֶה חֲמוֹר בְּמִזְגוֹ מִצַּד הָאֵם הַמִּצְרִית, כְּאָמְרוֹ עַל הַמִּצְרִים (יחזקאל כג:כ) "אֲשֶׁר בְּשַׂר חֲמוֹרִים בְּשָׂרָם", וְשֶׁיִּהְיֶה חֲמוֹר הַבַּר בִּהְיוֹתוֹ שׁוֹכֵן בַּמִּדְבָּר, כְּאָמְרוֹ (בראשית כא:כ) "וַיִּגְדַּל וַיֵּשֶׁב בַּמִּדְבָּר", וְשֶׁיִּהְיֶה אָדָם מִצַּד אָבִיו, כְּאָמְרָם זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (בבא בתרא טז.) שֶׁעָשָׂה יִשְׁמָעֵאל תְּשׁוּבָה.
1פרא אדם. The word פרא describes a wild donkey, an animal that has not been domesticated. The angel told Hagar that the son she would bear would be genetically very similar in his character to a wild donkey. This would be due to his having part of the genes of his Egyptian mother. The prophet Ezekiel already described the Egyptians as being physically not much different from wild donkeys (Ezekiel 23,20) These characteristics would manifest themselves in the fact that he would make his home in the desert, a region not imposing restrictions on him. The Torah testifies to this in Genesis 21,20. The reason that the word אדם is added by the angel in describing Ishmael, was that he would inherit any human traits from his father Avram. The fact that he did possess such traits is confirmed by the Midrash which claims that he became a penitent before his father Avraham's death. (Baba Batra 16).