Tanach · Rishonim on Tanach · Sforno · Torah

Sforno on Genesis 17:1/ספורנו על בראשית י״ז:א׳

אוַיֵּרָא ה'. הַמַּרְאֶה בְּכָל מָקוֹם הִיא מַדְרֵגָה לְמַטָּה מִן הַנְּבוּאָה, וְעַל זֶה אָמַר "וּשְׁמִי ה' לֹא נוֹדַעְתִּי לָהֶם" (שמות ו:ג).
1וירא ה, a מראה is always a vision one level lower than true prophecy. This is why G'd said to Moses in Exodus 6,3 ושמי ה' לא נודעתי להם, "but I had not revealed to them My true name Hashem."
באֲנִי אֵל שַׁדַּי. אֲנִי הוּא שֶׁיֵּשׁ דַּי בִּמְצִיאוּתִי לִפְעֻלָּה הַמְיֻחֶדֶת לִי, וְהִיא הַבְּרִיאָה, שֶׁלֹּא יִפּוֹל בָּהּ נוֹשֵׂא מִתְפַּעֵל, וְלָכֵן לֹא יִצְטָרֵךְ הַבּוֹרֵא בְּפָעְלוֹ שֶׁיִּהְיֶה זוּלָתוֹ שׁוּם נִמְצָא בַּמְּצִיאוּת. וְהֵפֶךְ זֶה יִקְרֶה לְכָל נִמְצָא זוּלַת הַבּוֹרֵא, כִּי אָמְנָם לֹא יִפְעַל שׁוּם פּוֹעֵל זוּלָתוֹ אִם לֹא נִמְצָא אֵיזֶה נוֹשֵׂא מִתְפַּעֵל מִמֶּנּוּ, וְכֵן לֹא יִתְפַּעֵל שׁוּם מִתְפַּעֵל אִם לֹא יִמָּצֵא אֵיזֶה פּוֹעֵל שֶׁיִּפְעוֹל בּוֹ. וּמִזֶּה יִתְחַיֵּב בְּמוֹפֵת רְאָיָה מְצִיאוּת הַבּוֹרֵא וְיִחוּדוֹ וּשְׁלֵמוּת פָּעְלוֹ עַל כָּל פּוֹעֵל זוּלָתוֹ אֵצֶל כָּל מִתְבּוֹנֵן, וְכָל זֶה הוֹרָה הָאֵל יִתְבָּרַךְ לָאָבוֹת. אָמְנָם מוֹפֵת סִבָּה עַל הַבְּרִיאָה הַיּוֹצֵא מִן הַשֵּׁם הַמְיֻחָד לֹא הוֹדִיעַ עַד מֹשֶׁה רַבֵּינוּ בְּאָמְרוֹ: "וָאֵרָא וְכוּ' וּשְׁמִי ה' לֹא נוֹדַעְתִּי לָהֶם" (שמות ו:ג):
2 אני א-ל שדי, "I am the One Who is sufficient unto Himself by My very existence to carry out My special function the creation of the universe all by Myself without assistance by anyone else. [The word די expresses this self-sufficiency of the Lord/Creator. Ed.] The very opposite is true of all created phenomena other than the Creator. [the difference between G'd and creatures is that G'd is a "self-starter," whereas all other phenomena require something to activate them even when performing the functions for which they have been created. Ed.] This all means that the recipient of a visual image, מראה, a vision, becomes aware of the existence of the Creator and His power, without him however becoming aware of underlying causes of such. The patriarchs became witnesses to G'd performing "invisible" miracles, as distinct from the "visible" miracles performed by Moses and other prophets after him to some extent. [an "invisible" miracle maybe recognized as such because the time and place has been foretold to the beneficiary, as in the case where the angels told Avram that Sarah would give birth to a son within the year. "Visible" miracles, are for instance, water turning into blood, or all the firstborn of one nation dying at the same time [after this event having been announced.] the latter type of miracle says more about G'd as the originator of all that occurs in the universe than does the former kind of miracle. This latter kind of insight was not revealed by G'd before Moses, as we quoted form Exodus 6,3.
גהִתְהַלֵּךְ. בְּכָל אֲשֶׁר תִּפְנֶה שָׁם.
3 התהלך, an instruction to conduct himself in this manner in all his activities.
דלְפָנַי, כְּמִסְתַּכֵּל בִּי לָדַעַת דְּרָכַי כְּפִי הָאֶפְשָׁר אֶצְלְךָ, כְּעִנְיַן "שִׁוִּיתִי ה' לְנֶגְדִּי תָּמִיד" (תהלים טז:ח).
4 לפני, as if you were looking for guidance Me in all your undertakings and trying to emulate Me. We have adopted this concept when we inscribe our synagogues with the verse שויתי ה' לנגדי תמיד, "I am ever mindful of the Lord's presence." (Psalms 16,8)
הוֶהְיֵה תָמִים. וּקְנֵה הַשְּׁלֵימוּת הָאֶפְשָׁר לְמִין הָאֱנוֹשִׁי, "הַשְׂכֵּל וְיָדוֹעַ אוֹתִי" (ירמיה ט:כג) בִּידִיעַת דְּרָכַי וּבְהִדָּמוֹתְךָ אֵלַי כְּפִי הָאֶפְשָׁר אֶצְלְךָ, כִּי אָמְנָם פְּעֻלַּת כָּל נִמְצָא תּוֹרֶה עַל צוּרָתוֹ, כְּאָמְרוֹ "הוֹדִיעֵנִי נָא אֶת דְּרָכֶיךָ וְאֵדָעֲךָ" (שמות לג:יג), וְזֶה הוּא הַשְּׁלֵמוּת הָאַחֲרוֹן לְמִין הָאֱנוֹשִׁי וְהַמְכֻוָּן מֵאֵת הָאֵל יִתְבָּרַךְ בַּבְּרִיאָה, כְּאָמְרוֹ "נַעֲשֶׂה אָדָם בְּצַלְמֵנוּ כִּדְמוּתֵנוּ" (בראשית א:כו).
5 והיה תמים, "acquire the maximum degree of perfection human being are capable of attaining. Be intelligent so that you can acquire more intimate knowledge of Me through recognising the way I operate in the universe. As a result you will be emulate My attributes to the degree that this is possible for humans." The deeds of man reflect his having emulated G'd when he tried to do so. This is what Moses had in mind when he asked G'd: הודיעני נא את דרכיך ואדעך, "make know to me Your ways so that by this means I will get to know You." (Exodus 33,13) This is the ultimate perfection that the human species is able to achieve. This was G'd's objective for man when He created him, when he added the word בצלמנו, "in our image," when announcing that He was about to create man with the words נעשה אדם בצלמנו כדמותנו, "let us make man in our image" (Genesis 1,26).