Tanach · Rishonim on Tanach · Ibn Ezra · Torah
Ibn Ezra on Exodus 12:19/אבן עזרא על שמות י״ב:י״ט
אשאור. שהוא מחמיץ, והוא הידוע, ואחר כן אמר כל אוכל מחמצת, כל דבר שֶיֵחְמָץ ודע כי מיום הראשון עד יום השביעי, אינו דבק בקרוב אליו שהוא ונכרתה רק עם אוכל מחמצת כמו למלוך שלמה על ישראל (מ"א ו א'), אמר יפת, כי יש אות שמושכת עצמה ואחרת עמה אחורנית כמי אדם פטדה וברקת (למטה כה יז) שהטעם אדם ופטדה וברקת, וככה מיום הראשון עד יום השביעי:
1LEAVEN. Se’or (leaven) refers to something which induces leavening. The substance is well known.351. Scripture then goes on to say, for whosoever eateth anything which is leavened (machmetzet).352 refers to anything which is leavened. Scripture first prohibits keeping anything which induces leavening (se’or) in one’s home on Passover. It then prohibits eating on Passover anything which is leavened. Note that from the first day until the seventh day (v. 15) is not connected to what is adjacent, i.e., to shall be cut off353, etc., does not follow shall be cut off. but rather is connected to354 to from the first day, etc., and read verse 15 as if written: For whosoever eateth leavened bread from the first day until the seventh day, that soul shall be cut off from Israel. for whosoever eateth leavened bread.355 It is similar to of Solomon’s reign over Israel (I Kings 6:1).356 Yefet says that some letters refer both to the word in which they are placed and to a word previously written, as in odem pitdah u-vareket (carnelian, topaz, and smaragd) (Ex. 28:17), which is to be interpreted as if written, odem u-pitdah u-vareket (carnelian, and topaz, and smaragd).357 (and) placed in front of vareket also governs pitdah. The same is true of mi-yom ha-rishon ad yom ha-shevi’i (from the first day until the seventh day).358 placed before ha-rishon also governs the word yom that precedes it. So too the heh placed before ha-shevi’i governs the word yom that precedes it. The verse is thus to be understood as if written: me-ha-yom ha-rishon ad ha-yom ha-shevi’i. Yefet comments thus for it is Hebrew style to place a heh in front of the noun when there is one in front of the adjective. Compare, ha-har ha-tov (that goodly hill country) (Deut. 3:25) (Filwarg). See also Vol. 1, p. 47, note 168.
בוכבר הזכיר כי כל אוכל חמץ מישראל חייב כרת ובכאן הוסיף גר שהוא גר צדק:
2[WHETHER HE BE A SOJOURNER.] Scripture already noted that whosoever eateth leavened bread from among the Israelites incurs the penalty of excision.359 Scripture now adds a sojourner who is a sincere proselyte.360