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Ramban on Deuteronomy 32:1/רמב"ן על דברים ל״ב:א׳
אהַאֲזִינוּ הַשָּׁמַיִם, עַל דֶּרֶךְ הַפְּשָׁט צָדְקוּ דִּבְרֵי ר"א, כִּי הַכְּתוּבִים יִתְּנוּ עֵדֵיהֶם בְּכָל הַדְּבָרִים שֶׁהֵם קַיָּמִים וְעוֹמְדִים, וְכֵן שִׁמְעוּ הָרִים אֶת רִיב ה' (מיכה ו ב), וְגַם אֶבֶן יְהוֹשֻׁעַ, כִּי שָׁם כְּתִיב (יהושע כד כז) כִּי הִיא שָׁמְעָה. וְעַל דֶּרֶךְ הָאֱמֶת הֵם הַשָּׁמַיִם וְהָאָרֶץ הָרִאשׁוֹנִים הַנִּזְכָּרִים בִּבְרֵאשִׁית, כִּי הֵם יָבוֹאוּ בַּבְּרִית עִם יִשְׂרָאֵל. עַל כֵּן אָמַר שֶׁיַּאֲזִינוּ הַשָּׁמַיִם וְיִשְׁמְעוּ הַתְּנָאִים וְאֵיךְ יַעֲשֶׂה בָּהֶם:
1GIVE EAR, YE HEAVENS. By way of the plain meaning of Scripture, the words of Rabbi Abraham ibn Ezra are correct that the Scriptures designate as witnesses all things which exist and endure. Similarly, Hear O ye mountains, the Eternal’s controversy.1 So also with reference to the stone that Joshua set up [after he made the covenant with the people], for there it is written, for it hath heard [all the words of the Eternal which He spoke unto us].2 And by way of the Truth, [the mystic teachings of the Cabala], the reference here is to the first [higher] heavens and earth mentioned in Genesis, for it is they that shall enter the covenant with Israel. Therefore, he states that the heavens should give ear and listen to the conditions, and how he will apply them.