Tanach · Rishonim on Tanach · Ramban · Torah

Ramban on Exodus 18:22/רמב"ן על שמות י״ח:כ״ב

אוְטַעַם וְשָׁפְטוּ אֶת הָעָם בְּכָל עֵת כִּי בִּהְיוֹת לָהֶם שׁוֹפְטִים רַבִּים יֵלֵךְ הֶעָשׁוּק אֶל הַשּׁוֹפֵט בְּכָל עֵת שֶׁיִּרְצֶה וְיִמְצָאֶנּוּ מְזֻמָּן, כִּי אֵלֶיךָ לֹא יוּכַל לְהִתְקָרֵב בְּכָל עֵת מִפְּנֵי הֶהָמוֹן הַגָּדוֹל אֲשֶׁר לְפָנֶיךָ וְהַטִּרְדָּה הַגְּדוֹלָה אֲשֶׁר לְךָ, וְרַבִּים מֵהֶם יִסְבְּלוּ הֶחָמָס הַנַּעֲשֶׂה לָהֶם מִפְּנֵי שֶׁלֹּא יִזְדַּמֵּן לָהֶם לְהַגִּידוֹ לְךָ וְלֹא יִרְצוּ לַעֲזֹב מְלַאכְתָּם וְעִסְקֵיהֶם עַד בֹּא הָעֵת הַפְּנַאי שֶׁיּוּכְלוּ לָגֶשֶׁת אֵלֶיךָ:
וְזֶה טַעַם (איש) עַל מְקֹמוֹ יָבֹא בְשָׁלוֹם, כִּי עַתָּה מִפְּנֵי שֶׁלֹּא יוּכְלוּ לָגֶשֶׁת לַמִּשְׁפָּט בְּכָל עֵת לֹא יָנוּחוּ בְּשָׁלוֹם, כִּי זֶה פֶּתַח לַגּוֹזְלִים לַעֲשׂוֹת חָמָס וְלָעוֹשְׁקִים לַעֲשׂוֹת מְרִיבָה. וְטַעַם עַל מְקוֹמוֹ, אֶל כָּל הַמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר יָבֹאוּ שָׁמָּה בִּהְיוֹתָם בַּמַּחֲנֶה בַּמִּדְבָּר. וְדִקְדְּקוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ (סנהדרין לד:) מִלְּשׁוֹן וְשָׁפְטוּ אֶת הָעָם בְּכָל עֵת, שֶׁדִּינֵי מָמוֹנוֹת גּוֹמְרִין אֲפִלּוּ בַּלַּיְלָה, כִּי לֹא אָמַר כָּל הַיּוֹם:
1AND LET THEM JUDGE THE PEOPLE AT ALL TIMES. The meaning thereof is that “when there will be many judges available, the oppressed one will go to the judge at any time he desires and he will find him ready [to listen to his grievance]. He cannot come near you [i.e., Moses] at any time because of the great multitude of people before you and on account of your many preoccupations. The result of this is that many of them will rather tolerate the violence committed against them because they have no opportunity to tell it to you. They do not want to abandon their work and affairs to wait for a free moment when they will be able to approach you.” This is the sense of the expression, each one shall go to his place in peace.128 At present, because they cannot come near for judgment at all times, they will not rest in peace, since this opens a door for unjust people to commit violence and for oppressors to cause contention. And the meaning of the expression to his place128 is that to whatever place they will come, [they will live in peace] as long as they are in the camp in the wilderness.From the language, And let them judge the people ‘at all times,’ our Rabbis have derived the principle129 that in civil cases, the verdict may be reached even during the night,130, 32 a). The trial itself, in both capital and non-capital cases, must be held during the daytime (ibid.) since it does not say here, “[and let them judge the people] the whole day.”