Tanach · Rishonim on Tanach · Ramban · Torah

Ramban on Genesis 14:6/רמב"ן על בראשית י״ד:ו׳

אאֵיל פָּארָן כְּתַרְגּוּמוֹ מֵישַׁר פָּארָן. וַאֲנִי אוֹמֵר שֶׁאֵין אֵיל לְשׁוֹן מִישׁוֹר אֶלָּא מִישׁוֹר שֶׁל פָּארָן אֵיל שְׁמוֹ, וְשֶׁל מַמְרֵא אֵלוֹנֵי שְׁמוֹ, וְשֶׁל יַרְדֵּן כִּכָּר שְׁמוֹ, וְשֶׁל שִׁטִּים אָבֵל שְׁמוֹ, וְכֻלָּם מְתֻרְגָּמִין מֵישְׁרָא, וְכָל אֶחָד שְׁמוֹ עָלָיו, לְשׁוֹן רַשִׁ"י (רש"י על בראשית י"ד:ו'). וְאִלּוּ הָיָה כֵן הָיָה אוּנְקְלוֹס (תרגום אונקלוס על בראשית י"ד:ו') מְתַרְגֵּם בִּשְׁמָם "אֵילָא דְּפָארָן", "אֵלוֹנֵי דְּמַמְרֵא", כְּמִנְהָגוֹ בַּשֵּׁמוֹת, וּמִי הִגִּיד לוֹ בַּמְּקוֹמוֹת הָרַבִּים הָהֵם הֲמִישׁוֹר הֵם כֻּלָּם אוֹ הָרִים הַגְּבוֹהִים. וּ"מַמְרֵא" שֵׁם הָאִישׁ הָאֱמֹרִי, אֲחִי אֶשְׁכֹּל וַאֲחִי עָנֵר בַּעֲלֵי בְּרִית אַבְרָם, וְהַמָּקוֹם הַהוּא שֶׁלּוֹ, כְּמוֹ שֶׁאָמַר (בראשית י"ד:י"ג) "אֵלוֹנֵי מַמְרֵא הָאֱמֹרִי" כַּאֲשֶׁר פֵּרַשְׁתִּי (רמב"ן על בראשית י"ב:ו'). אֲבָל "אֵיל פָּארָן" מְקוֹם אֵילִים, "כִּי יֵבֹשׁוּ מֵאֵילִים אֲשֶׁר חֲמַדְתֶּם" (ישעיהו א כט), וְ"אֵלוֹנֵי" מְקוֹם אַלּוֹנִים "כָּאֵלָה וְכָאַלּוֹן" (שם ו יג), "אַלּוֹנִים מִבָּשָׁן" (יחזקאל כז ו), וְהַנָּהוּג בָּהֶם לִהְיוֹתָם נְטוּעִים בְּמִישׁוֹר לִפְנֵי הַמְּדִינוֹת לִהְיוֹת לָעִיר כְּמוֹ מִגְרָשׁ. וְכֵן תַּרְגּוּם "אַלּוֹן בָּכוּת" (בראשית ל"ה:ח') "מִישׁוֹר בְּכוּתָא", וְשָׁם אֵינֶנּוּ שֵׁם הָעֶצֶם לַמָּקוֹם רַק הוּא שֵׁם לָאַלּוֹן הַנָּטוּעַ שָׁם, כְּמוֹ שֶׁמְּפֹרָשׁ (שם) "תַּחַת הָאַלּוֹן", אֶלָּא שֶׁהוּא רוֹדֵף הָעִנְיָן לֹא הַמִּלּוֹת. וְהַתַּרְגּוּם הַיְּרוּשַׁלְמִי אָמַר בְּ"אֵיל פָּארָן" וְ"אֵלוֹנֵי מַמְרֵא" – "מֵישְׁרָא", כְּדִבְרֵי אוּנְקְלוֹס, וְאָמַר בְּ"אַלּוֹן בָּכוּת" – "בַּלּוּט בְּכוּתָא", כִּי "אַלּוֹן בָּכוּת" אֶצְלוֹ שֵׁם לָאִילָן, לֹא לַמָּקוֹם. וְאוּנְקְלוֹס סָבַר שֶׁהוּא שֵׁם לַמָּקוֹם, כִּי הָיוּ בּוֹ אַלּוֹנִים רַבִּים, כְּמוֹ "אֵלוֹנֵי מַמְרֵא", וּלְכָךְ אָמַר "הָאַלּוֹן". וְהִנֵּה כֻּלָּם שְׁמוֹת תֹּאַר, אֲבָל "כִּכַּר הַיַּרְדֵּן" לְשׁוֹן מִישׁוֹר מַמָּשׁ הוּא, כִּי כֵן יִקָּרֵא בִּלְשׁוֹן הַקֹּדֶשׁ הַמָּקוֹם שֶׁהַנְּהָרוֹת מִתְפַּשְּׁטִין בָּהֶם בִּמְרוּצַת הַמַּיִם הַנִּגָּרִים הַשּׁוֹטְפִים שָׁם, וְלָכֵן אָמַר (בראשית י"ט:י"ז) "וְאַל תַּעֲמֹד בְּכָל הַכִּכָּר הָהָרָה הִמָּלֵט", וְכֵן "כַּר נִרְחָב" (ישעיהו ל כג), "לָבְשׁוּ כָרִים הַצֹּאן וַעֲמָקִים יַעַטְפוּ בָר" (תהלים סה יד), פְּעָמִים יִכְפְּלוּ הַמִּלָּה וּפְעָמִים יָסִירוּ הַכֶּפֶל, כְּמוֹ "בַּת עָיִן" (שם יז ח) וְזוּלָתָם רַבִּים. וְיִקָּרְאוּ גַּם כֵּן הַשְּׁלוּחִים הַמְּהִירִים בַּשֵּׁם הַזֶּה, "לַכָּרִי וְלָרָצִים" (מלכים ב יא ד), "שָׂרֵי הַמֵּאוֹת וְאֶת הַכָּרִי" (שם יט), וְכֵן "בַּכִּרְכָּרוֹת" (ישעיהו סו כ), שֵׁם לַגְּמַלִּים הַמְּרִיצִין שֶׁהִזְכִּירוּם בַּתַּלְמוּד (מכות ה) "גַּמְלָא פַּרְחָא", וּמִמֶּנּוּ "מְכַרְכֵּר", כְּפוּלִים. וְ"אָבֵל הַשִּׁטִּים" (במדבר לג מט) וְכֵן "אָבֵל מְחוֹלָה" (שופטים ז כב) תִּרְגְּמוּ אוֹתוֹ "מֵישַׁר", הוּא הַמָּקוֹם הַנֶּחֱרָב אֵין בּוֹ נֶטַע וְלֹא בִּנְיָן, כִּי הַלָּשׁוֹן אֶצְלָם לְשׁוֹן חֲרֵבָה וּשְׁמָמָה, כְּמוֹ "וַיַּאֲבֶל חֵיל וְחוֹמָה" (איכה ב ח), "אָבַל תִּירוֹשׁ אֻמְלְלָה גָפֶן" (ישעיהו כד ז):

1‘EIL PARAN.’ It is translated in the Targum as “Plain of Paran.” But I say that the word eil does not signify a plain. Rather, the lowland of Paran was called Eil, that of Mamre was named Eilonei, that of the Jordan was called Kikar, and that of Shittim was Abel. All these are translated in the Targum as meishra (plain), but each really had its own particular name. Thus the language of Rashi.But if it were so,¹²¹ and Kikar are the proper names of these places. Onkelos would have mentioned them in his Targum by their name — i.e., “Eila of Paran,” “Eilonei of Mamre,” — as is his custom with names. Besides, who told him¹²² whether these many places were all plains or high mountains [if Eil, Eilonei and Kikar were but proper names of these places]? Again, Mamre is the name of a person — as it is written, brother of Eshcol, and brother of Aner, and they were confederate with Abram¹²³ — and that place was his, just as it says, ‘Eilonei’ Mamre the Amorite,¹²⁴ Ramban’s intent is to argue that since Mamre is the name of an individual, the word Eilonei could not be a proper name since two names cannot be in the constructive state. as I have explained.¹²⁵ Rather, Eil paran means a place of terebinths, as it is said, For they shall be ashamed ‘me’eilim’ (of the terebinths) which ye have desired;¹²⁶ eilonei is a place of oaks, as it is said, As a terebinth, ‘veka’alon’ (and as an oak)¹²⁷, 6:13. Of the ‘alonim’ (oaks) of Bashan.¹²⁸ It was customary among them that these terebinths and oaks be planted in the plains before the cities which serve them as “an open land.” And so did Onkelos translate alon bachuth¹²⁹ as “the plain of Bechuta.” There the word alon is surely not a proper noun of the location¹³⁰ but only the name of the species of tree planted there, as is made explicit [in the same verse: and she was buried] …under the ‘alon.’¹²⁹ Onkelos’ intent, however, is to convey the sense of the expression and not to merely translate the words.Now the Targum Yerushalmi says with respect to both eil Paran and eilonei Mamre that they mean the plain of Paran and Mamre as Onkelos said, but in the case of alon bachuth,¹²⁹ he [Targum Yerushalmi] says it is the nut-tree of Bachut for he considers alon bachuth to be the name of a tree and not a place.¹³⁰ Onkelos, however, thought that alon bachuth is the name of a place, so called because there were many oak trees there, just as Eilonei Mamre [is the name of a place]. It is for that reason that Scripture there uses the word ha’alon.¹³¹. See Note 129 above. Ramban’s intent is to say that since the word alon appears there with the definite article, (namely, ha-alon), it could not be a proper noun since the definite article is never attached to a proper noun. Hence in the end of the verse, which reads, And he called its name ‘alon bachuth,’ the word alon is also not a name designating a particular tree but a descriptive noun referring to a place containing many oaks. Hence Onkelos translates alon Bachuth as “the plain of Bechuta.” According to Targum Yerushalmi, who takes alon bachuth to be the name of a particular kind of tree, the verse should have read, “And she was buried below Beth-el under alon,” not ha-alon. Thus according to Onkelos they are all¹³² and alon bachuth. Hence in all these cases Onkelos translated “the plain of Paran… Mamre… Bechuta” as meaning a plain containing oak trees. Onkelos does this in keeping with his general method of conveying the intent of the verse rather than its strict translation since eil, eilonei and alon, strictly speaking, mean particular kinds of trees. Onkelos however felt free to say “the plain of Paran… Mamre… Bachuth” for his intent is but to convey the general meaning. Ramban continues to point that out in kikar hayarden, (13:11), where Onkelos said, “the plain of the Jordan,” that is indeed the exact translation of the word kikar. descriptive nouns.But kikar hayarden¹³³ is indeed the actual word for a plain, for kikar in the Sacred Language is the name for the place where the natural streams of rivers overflow. It is for this reason that the messenger who came to rescue Lot said, Stay not in all ‘hakikar’ (the plain; escape to the mountain.¹³⁴ Of similar usage are the expressions, Kar nirchav (wide pasture);¹³⁵ ‘Karim’ (the meadows) are clothed with flocks; the valleys also are covered over with corn.¹³⁶ Sometimes Scripture doubles the first letter of the word kar (meadow), making it kikar, and at other times Scripture discards the double form, as in, bath ayin (the apple of the eye).¹³⁷, 17:8. The double letter form of the word would be babath ayin, with a double beth. There are many other such cases.Swift couriers are also called by this name kar, as in ‘lakari velaratzim;’¹³⁸. According to Ramban its meaning is: of the couriers and the dispatchers. The captains over hundreds and ‘hakari.’¹³⁹, Verse 19. Here too the usual translation is: the Carites. According to Ramban it means: the couriers. The word bakirkaroth¹⁴⁰ is also of the same root. It is the name for speedy camels such as “the flying camel” mentioned in the Talmud.¹⁴¹ The word mecharkar,¹⁴². containing the double use of kar, is a derivative of this word.Abel Hashittim,¹⁴³ and also Abel Mecholah,¹⁴⁴ they¹⁴⁵ translated to mean the plain of Shittim and Mecholah. It is [called Abel, which in Hebrew means “mourning”], because it is a desolate place, without plantings or structures for the word abel is, to them, an expression of destruction and waste, as in the verses: ‘Vaya’avel’ (And He made to mourn) the rampart and the wall;¹⁴⁶ The new wine ‘aval’ (faileth), the vine fadeth.¹⁴⁷