Tanach · Rishonim on Tanach · Ramban · Torah
Ramban on Numbers 11:1/רמב"ן על במדבר י״א:א׳
אוַיְהִי הָעָם כְּמִתְאֹנְנִים – אָמַר ר״א (אבן עזרא על במדבר י״א:א׳) מִגִּזְרַת אָוֶן, וְכֵן ״מַחְשְׁבוֹת אוֹנֵךְ״ (ירמיהו ד יד), שֶׁדִּבְּרוּ דִּבְרֵי אָוֶן. וְאֵינֶנּוּ נָכוֹן, כִּי לָמָּה יְכַסֶּה הַכָּתוּב עַל חֶטְאָם וְלֹא יַגִּידֶנּוּ כַּאֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה בְּכָל הַמְּקוֹמוֹת. וְהַנָּכוֹן בְּעֵינַי כִּי כַּאֲשֶׁר נִתְרַחֲקוּ מֵהַר סִינַי שֶׁהָיָה קָרוֹב לַיִּשּׁוּב וּבָאוּ בְּתוֹךְ הַמִּדְבָּר הַגָּדוֹל וְהַנּוֹרָא בַּמַּסָּע הָרִאשׁוֹן, הָיוּ מִצְטַעֲרִים בְּעַצְמָם לֵאמֹר: ״מַה נַּעֲשֶׂה וְאֵיךְ נִחְיֶה בַּמִּדְבָּר הַזֶּה, וּמַה נֹּאכַל וּמַה נִּשְׁתֶּה, וְאֵיךְ נִסְבֹּל הֶעָמָל וְהָעִנּוּי, וּמָתַי נֵצֵא מִמֶּנּוּ?״ מִלְּשׁוֹן ״מַה יִּתְאוֹנֵן אָדָם חָי, גֶּבֶר עַל חֲטָאָיו״ (איכה ג לט), שֶׁהוּא לְשׁוֹן כּוֹאֵב וּמִצְטַעֵר עַל עַצְמוֹ. וְכֵן ״בֶּן אוֹנִי״ (בראשית לה יח) - בֶּן צַעֲרִי, וְ״אָנוּ הַדַּיָּגִים וְאָבְלוּ״ (ישעיהו יט ח). וְכַאֲשֶׁר אָמַר הַכָּתוּב כִּי הָיוּ כּוֹאֲבִים וּמִצְטַעֲרִים, כְּבָר הִזְכִּיר וְסִפֵּר הַחֵטְא וְאָמַר כְּמִתְאוֹנְנִים, כִּי הָיוּ מְדַבְּרִים בְּמַר נַפְשָׁם כַּאֲשֶׁר יַעֲשׂוּ הַכּוֹאֲבִים. וְהָיָה רַע בְּעֵינֵי ה', שֶׁהָיָה לָהֶם לָלֶכֶת אַחֲרָיו בְּשִׂמְחָה וּבְטוּב לֵבָב מֵרֹב כָּל טוֹבָה אֲשֶׁר נָתַן לָהֶם, וְהֵם הָיוּ כַּאֲנוּסִים וּמֻכְרָחִין, מִתְאוֹנְנִים וּמִתְרַעֲמִים עַל עִנְיָנָם. וּלְכָךְ אָמַר בַּשְּׁנִיָּה: ״וַיָּשׁוּבוּ וַיִּבְכּוּ גַּם בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל״ (במדבר י״א:ד׳), כִּי הָיָה חֶטְאָם הָרִאשׁוֹן לְהִתְרַעֵם עַל חֶסְרוֹן הֲנָאוֹתֵיהֶם בַּמִּדְבָּר, וַיָּשׁוּבוּ עוֹד לַעֲשׂוֹת כָּעִנְיָן הַהוּא, וְלֹא לָקְחוּ מוּסָר עַל אֵשׁ הַשֵּׁם שֶׁבָּעֲרָה בָּם:
1AND THE PEOPLE WERE ‘K’MITHON’NIM.’ Rabbi Abraham ibn Ezra commented that [the word k’mithon’nim is] “of the root aven (wickedness); similarly, the thoughts of ‘oneich’ (thy evil thoughts),149 for they spoke words of wickedness.” But this is not correct, for why would Scripture have concealed their sin, and not stated [clearly what it was], as it does in all other places! The correct interpretation appears to me to be that as they got further away from Mount Sinai, which was near an inhabitable settlement, and entered the great and dreadful wilderness150 in their first journey, they became upset and said: “What shall we do? How shall we live in this wilderness? What shall we eat and what shall we drink? How shall we endure the trouble and the suffering, and when shall we come out of here?” The word k’mithon’nim is thus related to the expression, Wherefore doth a living man ‘yithonein’ (complain), a strong man because of his sins?151 which is an expression indicating pain, and feeling sorry for oneself. Similarly, ben oni152 means “the son of my sorrow; “‘v’anu hadayagim’ (and the fishers shall lament) and all they that cast angle into the Nile shall mourn.153 Thus when Scripture states that they felt anxious and upset, it has thereby already mentioned and told [the nature of] their sin. It states that they were k’mithon’nim (‘as’ murmurers), meaning that they spoke in the bitterness of their soul as do people who suffer pain, and this was evil in the sight of the Eternal, since they should have followed Him with joyfnlness, and with gladness of heart by reason of the abundance of all good things154 which He gave them, but they behaved like people acting under duress and compulsion, murmuring and complaining about their condition. It is for this reason that He states with regard to the second [sin, or punishment], and the children of Israel also wept ‘again,’155 meaning that their first sin consisted of complaining about their lack of comforts in the wilderness, and now they again did a similar thing, and they did not receive correction156 from the fire of G-d which devoured them.157