Tanach · Rishonim on Tanach · Sforno · Torah
Sforno on Exodus 18:12/ספורנו על שמות י״ח:י״ב
אעֹלָה וּזְבָחִים לֵאלֹהִים. לְאוֹת קַבָּלַת עֹל מַלְכוּתוֹ, כְּעִנְיַן נַעֲמָן בְּאָמְרוֹ (מלכים ב ה:יז) "כִּי לֹא יַעֲשֶׂה עוֹד עַבְדְּךָ עֹלָה וּמִנְחָה לֵאלֹהִים אֲחֵרִים כִּי אִם לַה'".
1עולה וזבחים לאלוקים. This was intended as a symbol of Yitro’s acceptance of the yoke of Heaven. A similar symbolic acceptance is found in Kings II 5,17 when the general Naaman undertakes never again to offer such sacrifices as עולה וזבחים to any deities other than the G’d in heaven.
בלֶאֱכׇל לֶחֶם עִם חֹתֵן מֹשֶׁה. לִשְׂמֹחַ עִמּוֹ עַל שֶׁנִּכְנַס תַּחַת כַּנְפֵי שְׁכִינָה, כְּעִנְיַן "יִשְׂמַח יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּעֹשָׂיו" (תהלים קמט:ב).
2לאכול לחם עם חותן משה, to rejoice with him on his entry into the select circle of those who serve the only true G’d, the Creator of the universe. He joined the ranks of those who are described by David in Psalms 149 as ישמח ישראל בעושיו, “Israel rejoices in Him Who has proved to be its Creator.”
גלִפְנֵי הָאֱלֹהִים. לִפְנֵי הַמִּזְבֵּחַ אֲשֶׁר עָלָיו הִקְרִיבוּ אוֹתָם הַזְּבָחִים, אִם שֶׁהָיָה אוֹתוֹ הַמִּזְבֵּחַ שֶׁבָּנָה מֹשֶׁה בְּאָבְדָן עֲמָלֵק, אִם שֶׁהָיָה זוּלָתוֹ וְלֹא נִזְכַּר בִּנְיָנוֹ. וְהָיְתָה אֲכִילָתָם הַזְּבָחִים לִפְנֵי הַמִּזְבֵּחַ, כְּעִנְיַן הַנֶּאֱכָלִים לִפְנִים מִן הַקְּלָעִים.
3לפני האלוקים. in front of the altar on which they offered these sacrifices. It is not clear if this was the altar Moses had built after the victory over Amalek (in the event Yitro had arrived before the revelation at Mount Sinai) or if it had been another altar whose erection had not been especially mentioned by the Torah. At any rate, the consuming of the offerings known as זבחים, “meat-offerings,” took place within view of the altar.