Tanach · Rishonim on Tanach · Sforno · Torah
Sforno on Numbers 12:6/ספורנו על במדבר י״ב:ו׳
אאִם יִהְיֶה נְבִיאֲכֶם. אִם הָיָה מֹשֶׁה נָבִיא בְּאוֹתָהּ הַמַּדְרֵגָה שֶׁחֲשַׁבְתֶּם בְּאָמְרְכֶם ״הֲלֹא גַם בָּנוּ דִבֵּר״ (במדבר יב:ב).
1אם יהיה נביאכם, if Moses were a prophet on the same spiritual level as you presumed when you said: “G’d spoke to us also,”
בה׳ בַּמַּרְאָה אֵלָיו אֶתְוַדָּע. לֹא הָיִיתִי נוֹדָע לוֹ וְנִגְלֶה עָלָיו בָּזֶה הַשֵּׁם אֶלָּא בְּמַרְאֶה לְשׁוֹן נְקֵבָה, לֹא בְּהָקִיץ, כְּמוֹ שֶׁהָיָה הָעִנְיָן בִּישַׁעְיָהוּ בְּאָמְרוֹ ״וָאֶרְאֶה אֶת ה׳ יוֹשֵׁב עַל כִּסֵּא רָם וְנִשָּׂא״ (ישעיהו ו:א). וְכֵן בְּמִיכָה ״וְרָאִיתִי אֶת ה׳ יוֹשֵׁב עַל כִּסְאוֹ״ (מלכים א כב:יט), וְכָל זֶה בְּמַרְאֵה הַנְּבוּאָה בְּלִי סָפֵק, לֹא בְּהָקִיץ. וְגַם בִּלְעָם, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהָיָה הַדִּבּוּר אֵלָיו בְּהָקִיץ, לֹא הָיָה לוֹ בַּשֵּׁם הַמְיוּחָד כַּאֲשֶׁר חָשַׁב הוּא בְּאָמְרוֹ ״אוּלַי יִקָּרֶה ה׳ לִקְרָאתִי״ (במדבר כג:ג), כִּי זֶה אָמְנָם לֹא עָלָה לְיָדוֹ, אֲבָל נֶאֱמַר בּוֹ ״וַיִּקָּר אֱלֹהִים אֶל בִּלְעָם״ (במדבר כג:ד).
2ה' במראה אליו אתודע, G’d would have had to reveal Himself to him in a mirror-like vision, (feminine version of the word mareh). He would not have revealed Himself to Moses while the latter was awake, as for instance in the case of Isaiah of whom it is written in Isaiah 6,1 ואראה את ה' יושב על כסא רם ונשא, or as in the case of Michyahu who claimed to have seen G’d sitting on His throne. (Kings I 29,19) These prophets experienced their prophetic visions while they were asleep, certainly not while they were awake. Also Bileam, even though he was addressed by G’d while awake, was not addressed by the Essence of G’d but by one of His attributes, he himself only hoping that G’d as Hashem would address him (Numbers 23,3). He never attained that level of prophecy, but in response to the wish expressed in above mentioned verse we find ויקר אלוקים אל בלעם, that the attribute Elokim encountered Bileam.