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Ramban on Exodus 23:25/רמב"ן על שמות כ״ג:כ״ה

אוַעֲבַדְתֶּם אֵת ה' אֱלֹהֵיכֶם וּבֵרַךְ אֶת לַחְמְךָ וְגוֹ' כַּוָּנַת הַכָּתוּב הַזֶּה בַּעֲבוּר שֶׁרֹב עוֹבְדֵי ע"ז יַכִּירוּ וְיֵדְעוּ כִּי הַשֵּׁם הַנִּכְבָּד הוּא אֱלֹהֵי הָאֱלֹהִים וַאֲדֹנֵי הָאֲדֹנִים, וְאֵין כַּוָּנָתָם בַּע"ז, רַק יַחְשְׁבוּ כִּי בָּעֲבוֹדוֹת הָהֵם תִּהְיֶה לָהֶם הַצְלָחָה. כְּגוֹן שֶׁיַּעַבְדוּ הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ בַּעֲבוּר שֶׁמָּצְאוּ לוֹ מֶמְשֶׁלֶת בַּתְּבוּאוֹת, וְהַיָּרֵחַ בַּמַּעְיָנוֹת וּבְכָל הַתְּהוֹמוֹת, וְכֵן כַּיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶם בְּכָל צְבָא הַשָּׁמַיִם. וְכ"ש שֶׁיַּחְשְׁבוּ כִּי תִהְיֶה לָהֶם תּוֹסֶפֶת טוֹבָה בַּעֲבוֹדַת הַמַּלְאָכִים, בַּעֲבוּר שֶׁהֵם מְכַבְּדִים מְשָׁרְתֵי הָאֵל הַגָּדוֹל. וְעַל כֵּן יֹאמַר הַכָּתוּב הַזֶּה כִּי בַּעֲבוֹדַת הקב"ה בִּלְבַד תִּהְיֶה לָהֶם הַהַצְלָחָה וְהַשְּׁמִירָה, וַעֲקִירַת ע"ז לֹא תַּזִּיק אֲבָל תּוֹסִיף לָכֶם טוֹבָה וּבְרָכָה, כִּי הקב"ה יְבָרֵךְ לַחְמְךָ, וְהוּא כְּלָל לְכָל מַאֲכָל אֲשֶׁר יֵאָכֵל, וִיבָרֵךְ מֵימֶיךָ שֶׁהוּא אָב לְכָל מַשְׁקֶה אֲשֶׁר יִשָּׁתֶה, וְהַבְּרָכָה הִיא תּוֹסֶפֶת בָּהֶן, שֶׁיִּהְיֶה מֵהֶן לְךָ לָרֹב מְאֹד:
1AND YE SHALL SERVE THE ETERNAL YOUR G-D, AND HE WILL BLESS THY BREAD, AND THY WATER. The intention of this verse is as follows. Most idolators acknowledge and know that the revered G-d is G-d of gods, and Lord of lords,435 and they do not intend to worship the idols themselves, but they think that because of these acts of worship they will have success in their endeavors. Thus when they worship the sun it is because they have found it to have a beneficial power over their crops, and they find the moon to have influence over fountains and all deep waters, and similarly [they attribute powers] to all the hosts of heaven. They are even more inclined to think that they will be greatly benefitted by worshipping the angels, since they are invested with dignity through ministering before the Great G-d. Therefore this verse states that only through the worship of the Holy One, blessed be He, can you have success and protection, and the uprooting of idolatry436 will not cause damage; on the contrary, it will add goodness and blessing to you, for the Holy One, blessed be He, will bless your “bread,” this being a term which includes all manner of food, and will bless your “water,” which is a generic term for all liquids that people drink. The blessing referred to means increase, so that you will have an exceeding abundance of them.
בוְאָמַר וַהֲסִרֹתִי מַחֲלָה מִקִּרְבֶּךָ כְּלוֹמַר שֶׁאָסִיר בָּהֶם מַחֲלָה מִקִּרְבֶּךָ, שֶׁיִּהְיוּ הַמַּאֲכָלִים וְהַמַּשְׁקִים טוֹבִים וּבְרִיאִים לֹא יוֹלִידוּ מַחֲלָה אֲבָל יְרַפְּאוּ מִמֶּנָּה: וְאָמַר עוֹד שֶׁלֹּא תִּהְיֶה בָּהֶם אִשָּׁה מְשַׁכֵּלָה בְּרֶחֶם מַשְׁכִּיל, וְלֹא עֲקָרָה בְּרֶחֶם וְשָׁדַיִם צֹמְקִים, כִּי בִּהְיוֹת הַמַּאֲכָלִים וְהַמַּשְׁקִים וְהָאֲוִיר מְבֹרָכִים יִהְיוּ הַגּוּפִים בְּרִיאִים, וְאֶבְרֵי הַזֶּרַע נְכוֹנִים לַעֲשׂוֹת מַעֲשֵׂיהֶם כַּהֹגֶן. וְהִזְכִּיר הַנְּקֵבוֹת, כִּי בָּהֶן יִמָּצֵא הַשִּׁכּוּל וְהָעִקּוּר יוֹתֵר מִן הַזְּכָרִים. וְיִתָּכֵן שֶׁיִּהְיוּ הַזְּכָרִים בִּכְלַל וַהֲסִרֹתִי מַחֲלָה מִקִּרְבֶּךָ, כִּי הָעִקּוּר מַחֲלָה בַּגּוּפִים, וְעִם הָאֲנָשִׁים יְדַבֵּר מִן הַסְּתָם, וְאַחַר כָּךְ הִזְכִּיר הַנָּשִׁים כְּמוֹ שֶׁאָמַר לֹא יִהְיֶה בְךָ עָקָר וַעֲקָרָה (דברים ז יד). וְטַעַם בְּאַרְצֶךָ לְהַכְנִיס גַּם הַבְּהֵמוֹת, כְּמוֹ שֶׁאָמַר שָׁם "וּבִבְהֶמְתֶּךָ": וְאָמַר אֶת מִסְפַּר יָמֶיךָ אֲמַלֵּא שֶׁלֹּא יָמוּת בְּמִלְחָמָה אוֹ בְּמַגֵּפָה בְּשִׁנּוּי הָאֲוִיר רַק בְּזִקְנָה שֶׁיְּמַלֵּא יָמִים כְּמִסְפַּר אֲשֶׁר הֵם חַיֵּי הָאָדָם בְּדוֹרוֹתָיו, כְּגוֹן שִׁבְעִים וּשְׁמוֹנִים שָׁנָה כְּדוֹר דָּוִד הַמֶּלֶךְ. וּכְבָר הִזְכַּרְתִּי (בראשית יז א ולעיל ו א) כִּי כָּל אֵלֶּה נִסִּים שֶׁיַּעֲשֶׂה הַשֵּׁם בַּשָּׁמַיִם וּבָאָרֶץ מוֹפְתִים בַּעֲבוּר עוֹשֵׂי רְצוֹנוֹ:
וְאָמַר כִּי כַּאֲשֶׁר יַעֲשֶׂה עִמָּהֶם אוֹת לְטוֹבָה כֵּן יַעֲשֶׂה בְּשׂוֹנְאֵיהֶם לְרָעָה, שֶׁיִּתֵּן לָהֶם לֵב רַגָּז וּמֵחֲדָרִים אֵימָה, וְעוֹד יְשַׁלַּח בָּהֶם אֶת הַצִּרְעָה וְהוּא מִין יָדוּעַ כְּגוֹן הַדְּבוֹרָה, וּמַזְכִּירִין אוֹתָהּ חֲכָמִים תָּדִיר דְּבַשׁ דְּבוֹרִין דְּבַשׁ צְרָעִין (מכשירין פ"ו מ"ד, בכורות ז:). וְהָעִנְיָן, כִּי יְשַׁלַּח הַמַּכָּה הַזּוֹ בַּאֲוִיר אַרְצָם כְּמוֹ הָאַרְבֶּה שֶׁשָּׁלַח בְּמִצְרַיִם, וְהַיֶּלֶק הֶחָסִיל וְהַגָּזָם חֵילוֹ הַגָּדוֹל שֶׁבָּא בִּימֵי יוֹאֵל (יואל ב כה):
וְטַעַם וְגֵרְשָׁה, כִּי הוּא סִבָּה בָּהֶם לְהִתְגָּרֵשׁ מִן הָאָרֶץ כִּי תְּכַסֶּה אֶת עֵין הָאָרֶץ וְתֶחְשַׁךְ, וְלֹא יוּכְלוּ לָבֹא בַּמִּלְחָמָה, וְעוֹד, כִּי תֹּאכַל כָּל יְגִיעָם בַּשָּׂדֶה, כְּעִנְיָן שֶׁאָמַר בַּקְּלָלוֹת "זֶרַע רַב תּוֹצִיא הַשָּׂדֶה וּמְעַט תֶּאֱסֹף כִּי יַחְסְלֶנּוּ הָאַרְבֶּה" וְגוֹ' (דברים כח לח), "כָּל עֵצְךָ וּפְרִי אַדְמָתֶךָ יְיָרֵשׁ הַצְּלָצַל" (שם מב), כֵּן אָמַר בְּכָאן שֶׁיַּעֲשֶׂה בְּשׂוֹנְאֵינוּ: וְהִזְכִּיר הַכָּתוּב הַחִוִּי וְהַכְּנַעֲנִי וְהַחִתִּי דֶּרֶךְ קְצָרָה, וְהַכַּוָּנָה בְּכָל הַנִּזְכָּרִים לְמַעְלָה: וְהַנָּכוֹן בְּעֵינַי כִּי שְׁלֹשָׁה אֵלֶּה לֹא יָצְאוּ רֻבָּם בַּמִּלְחָמָה וְלֹא נָפְלוּ הֵם בַּחֶרֶב וְהָיוּ נִשְׂגָּבִים בַּמִּבְצָרִים, וְשָׁלַח בָּהֶם רַק אֶת הַמָּוֶת הַזֶּה כְּעִנְיָן שֶׁאָמַר בְּמִצְרַיִם (שמות י':ו') "וּמָלְאוּ בָתֶּיךָ וּבָתֵּי כָל עֲבָדֶיךָ וּבָתֵּי כָל מִצְרַיִם", וְהוּא מַה שֶׁאָמַר בְּמִשְׁנֵה תּוֹרָה (דברים ז כ) "וְגַם אֶת הַצִּרְעָה יְשַׁלַּח ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ בָּם עַד אֲבֹד הַנִּשְׁאָרִים וְהַנִּסְתָּרִים מִפָּנֶיךָ". וְהַצִּרְעָה הַזֹּאת עָבְרָה עִם יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אֶת הַיַּרְדֵּן, וְכָךְ הֶעֱלוּ בְּמַסֶּכֶת סוֹטָה (לו.). וְאָמְרוּ (בתנחומא כאן) שֶׁהָיְתָה מַטֶּלֶת בָּהֶם אֶרֶס וּמֵתִים בָּהּ. וְהָאֱמֶת כִּי יֵשׁ בָּהּ גַּם הַיּוֹם אֶרֶס מַזִּיק וּמֵמִית:
וּכְתִיב בִּיהוֹשֻׁעַ (יהושע כד יא-יב) "וַתַּעַבְרוּ אֶת הַיַּרְדֵּן וַתָּבֹאוּ אֶל יְרִיחוֹ וַיִּלָּחֲמוּ בָכֶם בַּעֲלֵי יְרִיחוֹ הָאֱמֹרִי וְהַפְּרִזִּי וְהַכְּנַעֲנִי וְהַחִתִּי וְהַגִּרְגָּשִׁי הַחִוִּי וְהַיְבוּסִי וָאֶתֵּן אוֹתָם בְּיֶדְכֶם", וּכְתִיב "וָאֶשְׁלַח לִפְנֵיכֶם אֶת הַצִּרְעָה וַתְּגָרֶשׁ אוֹתָם מִפְּנֵיכֶם שְׁנֵי מַלְכֵי הָאֱמֹרִי לֹא בְחַרְבְּךָ וְלֹא בְקַשְׁתֶּךָ" (יהושע כד יא-יב), וְטַעְמוֹ וַתְּגָרֵשׁ אוֹתָם, הַנִּשְׁאָרִים בָּהֶם, כִּי אַחֲרֵי נָתְנִי בְּיֶדְכֶם כָּל הַנִּזְכָּרִים שָׁלַחְתִּי הַצִּרְעָה לְגָרֵשׁ הַנִּשְׁאָרִים וְהַנִּסְתָּרִים. וְאָמַר "שְׁנֵי מַלְכֵי הָאֱמֹרִי", וְהֵם סִיחוֹן וְעוֹג שֶׁהִזְכִּיר מִתְּחִלָּה (שם פסוק ח), וְלֹא בְּחַרְבְּךָ וְלֹא בְּקַשְׁתֶּךָ עָשִׂיתָ כָּל אֵלֶּה. וְר"א אָמַר (אבן עזרא על שמות כ"ג:כ"ח) כִּי הַצִּרְעָה חֹלִי בַּגּוּף מִגִּזְרַת צָרַעַת. וְאֵין צֹרֶךְ: וְטַעַם וַעֲבַדְתֶּם אֵת ה' אֱלֹהֵיכֶם, רִיקֵן הָעֲבוֹדָה לַשֵּׁם הַמְּיֻחָד (סנהדרין ס:) וְאָמַר וּבֵרַךְ, וַהֲסִרֹתִי, כְּדֶרֶךְ "כִּי אֲנִי ה' רֹפְאֶךָ" (שמות ט"ו:כ"ו). וּכְבָר פֵּרַשְׁתִּיו, וְהַמַּשְׂכִּיל יְבִינֵהוּ מִשָּׁם:
2AND I WILL TAKE SICKNESS AWAY FROM THE MIDST OF THEE. That is to say, through them [the bread and water that I will bless], I will free you from disease, for when your food and drink are good and healthy, they do not cause sicknesses but, on the contrary, heal you. And He states437 furthermore that there will not be amongst you a woman that miscarries, a miscarrying womb438 nor one barren of the womb and with dry breasts,438 for when food and drink and the air are blessed, human bodies become healthy and the organs of reproduction are able to function properly. The verse437 singles out women because they are liable to miscarriage, and sterility too is more common amongst them than amongst men. It is possible that [male sterility] is included in the expression, and I will take sickness away from the midst of thee, for barrenness is a sickness in bodies. He addresses Himself without specifications to men, and afterwards He mentioned the women, as He said, there shall not be male or female barren among you.439 The meaning of the expression in thy land, [None shall miscarry, nor be barren, in thy land],437 is to include also the animals, just as He said there, or amongst your cattle.439 The number of thy days I will fulfill437 means that one will not die prematurely in battle, nor through an epidemic caused by a change in the atmosphere, but only at a ripe age, whatever happens to be the normal span of life during that particular generation, such as seventy or eighty years as in the generation of King David.440 I have already mentioned441, and on Genesis 17:1 (Vol. I, p. 215). that these are all miracles, G-d showing wonders in the heavens and in the earth442 for the sake of those who do His will. And then He said that just as He will do on their behalf a sign for good,443 so will He do to their enemies for bad; He will give them a trembling heart,444 (Verse 27). and in the chambers terror.445, 32:25. — Ramban derives this from the expression here: And I will cause discomfort to all the people to whom thou shalt come. Moreover, He will send the tzir’ah amongst them,446 this being a certain kind of hornet of the family of the bee. The Sages mention it continually:447 “Bees’ honey, hornets’ honey.” The meaning of the verse is that He will send this plague through the atmosphere of their land, like the locust that He had sent in Egypt: the canker-worm, and the caterpillar, and the palmer-worm, His great army448 which came in the days of Joel. The meaning of the expression, and she [the hornet] will drive out the Hivite etc.,446 is that this will be the cause of their being driven out of the land, for since the hornets will cover the face of the earth449 and darken it, they will not be able to go into battle. Moreover, it will eat up all their produce in the field, similar to that which is said in the imprecations, Thou shalt carry much seed out into the field, and shalt gather little in; for the locust shall consume it, etc.;450 All thy trees and the fruit of thy land shall the locust possess.451, Verse 42. Similarly He said here that He will do such things to our enemies.Scripture mentioned here the Hivite, the Canaanite, and the Hittite,446 [and not the other four nations as well], because it adopted here a shortened form, and the intention is to all those mentioned above.452 The correct interpretation appears to me to be that the majority of these three nations [mentioned here] did not go out to battle and thus avoided being killed by the sword, because they remained strongly enclosed in their fortified places. It is against them that He sent only this form of death [through the hornet], in a similar manner to that which is said of Egypt, And thy houses shall be filled, and the houses of all thy servants, and the houses of all the Egyptians.453 It is this which He said in the Book of Deuteronomy: Moreover the Eternal thy G-d will send the hornet amongst them, until they that are left, and they that hide themselves, perish from before thee,454 and it is this hornet that crossed the Jordon with Joshua.455 cross the Jordan but merely “placed themselves on the east bank of the Jordan and from there injected the poison against them” applies to the hornet of the days of Moses. The one in the days of Joshua did cross the Jordan. This distinction is made in Sotah 36a. So did the Rabbis conclude in Tractate Sotah,455 cross the Jordan but merely “placed themselves on the east bank of the Jordan and from there injected the poison against them” applies to the hornet of the days of Moses. The one in the days of Joshua did cross the Jordan. This distinction is made in Sotah 36a. saying that the hornet injected a poison into them which caused their death, and indeed there is nowadays also in the hornet a poisonous substance which harms or even kills the victim. And it is written in the Book of Joshua: And ye went over the Jordan, and came unto Jericho; and the men of Jericho fought against you, the Amorite, and the Perizzite, and the Canaanite, and the Hittite, and the Girgashite, the Hivite and the Jebusite; and I delivered them into your hand,456 and it is further written there, And I sent the hornet before you, which drove them out from before you, even the two kings of the Amorites; not with thy sword, nor with thy bow.457, Verse 12. The phrase which drove them out457, Verse 12. refers to those that are left454 amongst them, for after I delivered into your hand all the nations mentioned, I sent the hornet to drive out those that are left and they that hide themselves. He mentioned the two kings of the Amorites,457, Verse 12. meaning Sichon and Og whom He had referred to earlier. All this you have done not with thy sword, nor with thy bow.457, Verse 12.Rabbi Abraham ibn Ezra wrote that the tzir’ah refers to a disease in the body, the word being of the root tzara’ath (leprosy). But there is no need for this interpretation.And ye shall serve the Eternal your G-d458 means that service [by offering or prayer] is to be devoted to the Proper Name [i.e., the Tetragrammaton]. The verse stating and He will bless… and I will take, [thus changing from the third-person pronoun to the first-person pronoun], is similar to the verse and thou wilt keep all His statutes… for I am the Eternal that healeth thee.459 I have already explained it, and the person learned [in the mystic lore of the Cabala] will understand the verse here from what I have written there.