Tanach · Rishonim on Tanach · Ramban · Torah
Ramban on Genesis 32:21/רמב"ן על בראשית ל״ב:כ״א
אאֲכַפְּרָה פָנָיו בַּמִּנְחָה אֲבַטֵּל רֻגְזֵהּ, וְכֵן "וְכֻפַּר בְּרִיתְכֶם אֶת מָוֶת" (ישעיהו כח יח), "לֹא תוּכְלִי כַּפְּרָהּ" (שם מז יא). וְנִרְאֶה בְּעֵינַי שֶׁכָּל כַּפָּרָה שֶׁאֵצֶל חֵטְא וְעָוֹן וְאֵצֶל פָּנִים כֻּלָּם לְשׁוֹן קִנּוּחַ וְהַעֲבָרָה הֵן, וְלָשׁוֹן אֲרָמִית הוּא בְּהַרְבֵּה מְקוֹמוֹת, בָּעֵי לְכַפּוֹרֵי יָדֶיהָ (גיטין נו), וְגַם בִּלְשׁוֹן מִקְרָא נִקְרָאִים הַמִּזְרָקִים "כְּפוֹרֵי זָהָב" (עזרא א י), עַל שֵׁם שֶׁבָּהֶם מְקַנֵּחַ יָדָיו בִּשְׂפַת הַמִּזְרָק, לְשׁוֹן רַבֵּינוּ שְׁלֹמֹה. וְכֵן אָמַר אוּנְקְלוֹס (תרגום אונקלוס על בראשית ל"ב:כ"א) "אֲנִחִנֵּהּ לְרֻגְזֵהּ". וְאִם כֵּן יִהְיֶה פֵּרוּשׁוֹ כִּי חָשַׁב יַעֲקֹב בְּלִבּוֹ אֲכַפְּרָה פָנָיו, וְהַכָּתוּב מַגִּיד לָנוּ זֶה כִּי אֵינֶנּוּ רָאוּי שֶׁיֹּאמְרוּ הַשְּׁלוּחִים לַעֲשׂוֹת כָּכָה, וְכָךְ פֵּרֵשׁ רַבִּי אַבְרָהָם. וְאֵינֶנּוּ יָשָׁר בְּעֵינַי שֶׁיִּצְטָרֵךְ הַכָּתוּב לְהַגִּיד לָנוּ עַתָּה מַחְשַׁבְתּוֹ זֹאת וְהִיא יְדוּעָה בְּכָל שׁוֹלְחֵי מִנְחָה. וְעוֹד שֶׁאִם כֵּן הָיָה רָאוּי שֶׁיַּזְכִּיר הַכָּתוּב זֶה בַּתְּחִלָּה, וְהִנֵּה גַם הוּא אַחֲרֵינוּ כִּי חָשַׁב אֲכַפְּרָה פָּנָיו, כִּי עַתָּה לֹא הוֹסִיף עַל הַצַּוָּאָה הַהִיא. אֲבָל הַנָּכוֹן כִּי עַתָּה הוֹסִיף לְפָרֵשׁ לָהֶם שֶׁיֹּאמְרוּ הִנֵּה גַּם הוּא אַחֲרֵינוּ בִּלְשׁוֹן כָּבוֹד, כְּלָשׁוֹן זֶה, גַּם הִנֵּה עַבְדְּךָ יַעֲקֹב אַחֲרֵינוּ. וְהִקְדִּים אוֹתָנוּ לְפָנָיו לָתֵת כֹּפֶר נַפְשׁוֹ עַל רְאוֹתוֹ פְּנֵי כְּבוֹדְךָ בַּמִּנְחָה הַזֹּאת, כַּאֲשֶׁר יִתְּנוּ הָעֲבָדִים כָּפְרָם בְּתֵת לָהֶם רְשׁוּת לִרְאוֹת פְּנֵי הַמֶּלֶךְ, וְאַחֲרֵי כֵן אֶרְאֶה פָנָיו כִּי אוּלַי יִשָּׂא פָּנַי וִיכַבְּדֵנִי לֶהֱיוֹתִי מֵרוֹאֵי פְּנֵי הַמֶּלֶךְ. וְזֶה דֶּרֶךְ מַעֲלָה מִיִּרְאָתוֹ מִמֶּנּוּ, וּבָא "אֲכַפְּרָה פָנָיו" כְּדֶרֶךְ "וְאִישׁ חָכָם יְכַפְּרֶנָּה" (משלי טז יד), יִתֵּן כֹּפֶר עַל הַחֵמָה. וּלְשׁוֹן קִנּוּחַ בְּכִפּוּר אֵינֶנּוּ לְשׁוֹן קֹדֶשׁ רַק לְשׁוֹן אֲרָמִית. וְכֵן "כְּפוֹרֵי זָהָב" שֵׁם הַמִּזְרָקִים בְּבָבֶל, כִּי לְעוֹלָם לֹא תָּבֹא כַּפָּרָה בְּחֵטְא, אֲבָל יֹאמַר "לְכַפֵּר עַל נַפְשֹׁתֵיכֶם" (שמות ל טו), "לְכַפֵּר עָלָיו וְנִסְלַח לוֹ" (במדבר טו כח), עַל נַפְשׁוֹ, וְיֹאמַר "אֲכַפְּרָה בְּעַד חַטַּאתְכֶם" (שמות לב ל), וְכֻלָּן מִלְּשׁוֹן "וְנָתְנוּ אִישׁ כֹּפֶר נַפְשׁוֹ" (שם ל יב) שֶׁהוּא פִּדְיוֹן:
1‘ACHAPRAH’ (I WILL APPEASE) HIM WITH THE PRESENT. I.e., “I will dissipate his anger.” Similarly: ‘Vechupar’ (and annulled shall be) your covenant with death;41 Thou shalt not be able ‘kaprah’ (to put it away).42, 47:11. I am of the opinion that whenever the word kaparah is used in association with iniquity and sin and in association with the word panim (anger), it always signifies erasing and removing. It is an Aramaic expression occurring frequently in the Talmud: “He wished to wipe his hands on that man.”43 In Biblical Hebrew, also, the bowls in the Sanctuary are called ‘Kipurei’ of gold44 because the priest wiped his hand on them, that is, on the rims of the bowl. These are the words of our Rabbi Shlomo [Rashi]. And so also did Onkelos translate: “I will calm his anger.” If so, the explanation of the verse will [not] be that Jacob said these words, but that Jacob thought to himself, “I will appease him.” It is Scripture that tells us this [but it is not part of Jacob’s instructions to his messengers], for it would have been improper for the messengers to do so and thereby remind Esau of his antagonism towards Jacob. And so did Rabbi Abraham ibn Ezra explain it.But it does not appear to me to be correct that Scripture should find it necessary to tell us Jacob’s thought at this time when it is a well known matter pertaining to all who send presents. Besides, if it were so, Scripture should have mentioned this originally [in connection with the first drove, in Verse 19] , And, behold, he is also behind us, for he thought, “I will appease him with the present,” for now [when commanding the leaders of the second and third droves] he did not add to that instruction [which he gave the leader of the first drove].However, the correct interpretation is that now Jacob additionally explained to them that they should say in a respectful manner, Behold, he is also behind us, that is to say, “Behold, your servant Jacob is also behind us, and he has sent us before him in order to give a ransom for his life,45 using this present as a means of seeing your honor’s face, just as servants present their ransom when they are given permission to see the king’s face. And afterward I will see his face, for perhaps he will accept me and honor me by permitting me to be among those who see the king’s face.”46 This was a way of expressing Esau’s exalted status and was due to Jacob’s fear of him. The expression achaprah panav is then being used as it is used in the verse, The wrath of a king is as messengers of death; but a wise man ‘yechaprenah,’47 meaning he will give ransom to allay the wrath. And the connotation of “wiping away” attached to forgiveness is not valid in the Sacred Language but rather in the Aramaic tongue. Similarly, ‘kipurei’ of gold44 is the Babylonian name for bowls, for the word kaparah is never used in association with “sin,” meaning “wipe away,” but instead Scripture says: ‘lechapeir’ (to make atonement) for your souls;48 ‘lechapeir’ (to make atonement) for him, and he shall be forgiven,49 i.e., for his soul. And Scripture also says: ‘achaprah’ (I shall make atonement) for your sin.50 All of these are related to the expression, Then shall they give every man ‘kopher’ for his soul,45 which means a ransom.