Tanach · Rishonim on Tanach · Ramban · Torah
Ramban on Numbers 9:1/רמב"ן על במדבר ט׳:א׳
אבַּשָּׁנָה הַשֵּׁנִית לְצֵאתָם מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם בַּחֹדֶשׁ הָרִאשׁוֹן – מִכָּאן אָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים (ספרי בהעלותך סד; פסחים ו): אֵין מֻקְדָּם וּמְאֻחָר בַּתּוֹרָה. וְטַעַם הָאִחוּר הַזֶּה הָיָה, כִּי כַּאֲשֶׁר בָּא הַסֵּפֶר הַזֶּה הָרְבִיעִי לְהַזְכִּיר הַמִּצְווֹת שֶׁנִּצְטַוּוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּמִדְבַּר סִינַי לִשְׁעָתָם, רָצָה לְהַשְׁלִים עִנְיַן אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד וְתִקּוּנוֹ כָּל יְמֵי הַמִּדְבָּר. וְהִזְכִּיר תְּחִלָּה הַדְּגָלִים וּמְקוֹם הָאֹהֶל וּמַעֲמַד מְשָׁרְתָיו וְתִקּוּן הַמִּשְׁמָרוֹת לְמַשָּׂאוֹ לְכָל עֲבוֹדַת הָאֹהֶל, וְהִזְכִּיר קָרְבְּנוֹת הַנְּשִׂיאִים שֶׁהֵבִיאוּ הָעֲגָלוֹת אֲשֶׁר יִשְׂאוּ אוֹתוֹ בָּהֶן כָּל עֵת הֱיוֹתָם בַּמִּדְבָּר, וְהִשְׁלִים קָרְבְּנוֹתָם בַּחֲנֻכַּת הַמִּזְבֵּחַ שֶׁהָיוּ מֵאֶחָד בְּנִיסָן אוֹ קֹדֶם לָכֵן. וְאַחַר כָּךְ שָׁב לְהַזְכִּיר אַזְהָרָה שֶׁהִזְהִיר אוֹתָם שֶׁלֹּא יִשְׁכְּחוּ מִצְוַת הַפֶּסַח. וְעַל דַּעַת רַבּוֹתֵינוּ לֹא נָהֲגָה בַּמִּדְבָּר אֶלָּא בְּשָׁנָה זוֹ בִּלְבַד, לְפִי שֶׁלֹּא מָלוּ בַּמִּדְבָּר, וְהָיְתָה מִילַת זְכָרִים וַעֲבָדִים מְעַכֶּבֶת בָּהֶם. וְיִתָּכֵן שֶׁהֻצְרַךְ לְמִצְוָה זוֹ בַּעֲבוּר שֶׁלֹּא נִצְטַוּוּ מִתְּחִלָּה בַּעֲשִׂיַּת פֶּסַח דּוֹרוֹת אֶלָּא בָּאָרֶץ, דִּכְתִיב: ״וְהָיָה כִּי תָבֹאוּ אֶל הָאָרֶץ אֲשֶׁר יִתֵּן ה' לָכֶם כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבֵּר וּשְׁמַרְתֶּם אֶת הָעֲבֹדָה הַזֹּאת״ (שמות יב כה), וְעוֹד נֶאֱמַר שָׁם: ״וְהָיָה כִי יְבִיאֲךָ ה' אֶל אֶרֶץ הַכְּנַעֲנִי וְגוֹ' וְעָבַדְתָּ אֶת הָעֲבֹדָה הַזֹּאת בַּחֹדֶשׁ הַזֶּה״ (שם יג ה). וְעַכְשָׁיו רָצָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא וְצִוָּה שֶׁיַּעֲשׂוּ אוֹתוֹ כְּדֵי שֶׁתִּהְיֶה זֵכֶר גְּאֻלָּתָם וְהַנִּסִּים שֶׁנַּעֲשׂוּ לָהֶם וְלַאֲבוֹתֵיהֶם, נֶעְתָּק לָהֶם מִן הָאָבוֹת הָרוֹאִים לִבְנֵיהֶם וּבְנֵיהֶם לִבְנֵיהֶם וּבְנֵיהֶם לְדוֹר אַחֲרוֹן. וְהִנֵּה אָמַר תְּחִלָּה "וְהָיָה כִי תָבֹאוּ אֶל הָאָרֶץ" לוֹמַר שֶׁאֵין מִצְוָה זוֹ נוֹהֶגֶת בְּחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ לְדוֹרוֹת, וְעַכְשָׁיו צִוָּה שֶׁיִּנְהֲגוּ בָּהּ בַּמִּדְבָּר. וְעַל דַּעַת רַבּוֹתֵינוּ לֹא עָשׂוּ אוֹתָהּ אֶלָּא בְּשָׁנָה זוֹ בִּלְבַד, שֶׁלֹּא הָיוּ יְכוֹלִין לַעֲשׂוֹתָהּ לְפִי שֶׁנּוֹלְדוּ לָהֶם בָּנִים וַעֲבָדִים וְלֹא יָכְלוּ לָמוּל אוֹתָם מִן הַטַּעַם שֶׁהִזְכִּירוּ, שֶׁהָיָה לָהֶם לְסַכָּנָה כְּמוֹ שֶׁמְּפֹרָשׁ בִּיבָמוֹת (עא). אֲבָל בְּסִפְרֵי (בהעלותך סז) אָמְרוּ: ״וַיַּעֲשׂוּ אֶת הַפֶּסַח בָּרִאשׁוֹן" וְגוֹ' - בִּגְנוּת יִשְׂרָאֵל הַכָּתוּב מְדַבֵּר, שֶׁלֹּא עָשׂוּ אֶלָּא פֶּסַח זֶה בִּלְבַד. וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר: ״הַזְּבָחִים וּמִנְחָה הִגַּשְׁתֶּם לִי בַמִּדְבָּר אַרְבָּעִים שָׁנָה״ (עמוס ה כה). דָּרְשׁוּ כֵן מִן הַכָּתוּב הַזֶּה שֶׁאָמַר: ״וַיַּעֲשׂוּ אֶת הַפֶּסַח בָּרִאשׁוֹן בְּאַרְבָּעָה עָשָׂר יוֹם לַחֹדֶשׁ בֵּין הָעַרְבַּיִם בְּמִדְבַּר סִינָי״ (במדבר ט׳:ה׳), כִּי הַמִּקְרָא מְיֻתָּר, וְדַי בְּמַה שֶׁיֹּאמַר "וַיַּעֲשׂוּ אֶת הַפֶּסַח כְּכָל אֲשֶׁר צִוָּה ה' אֶת מֹשֶׁה", אֲבָל הִזְכִּיר הַיּוֹם וְהַמִּדְבָּר לִרְמֹז שֶׁלֹּא עָשׂוּ אוֹתוֹ בַּמִּדְבָּר רַק בַּיּוֹם הַזֶּה וְהוּא גְּנוּתָן. וְיִתָּכֵן שֶׁהַגְּנוּת הַזֶּה הוּא קִלְקוּלָם בְּעִנְיַן הַמְרַגְּלִים, שֶׁמִּמֶּנָּה נִתְנַדּוּ וְלֹא נָשְׁבָה לָהֶם הָרוּחַ הַצְּפוֹנִית וְלֹא מָלוּ, וּלְפִיכָךְ נֶאֶסְרוּ בְּכָל הַקֳּדָשִׁים וְהָיוּ נְזוּפִים. אוֹ שֶׁתִּהְיֶה הַבָּרַיְתָא הַזּוֹ כְּדִבְרֵי הָאוֹמֵר (מכילתא בא טו) אֵין מִילַת זְכָרָיו וַעֲבָדָיו מְעַכֶּבֶת בּוֹ, וְהָיוּ רַשָּׁאִין לַעֲשׂוֹתוֹ וְנִתְעַצְּלוּ וְלֹא עָשׂוּ אוֹתוֹ, וְהוּא גְּנוּת גָּדוֹל. אֲבָל הָרִאשׁוֹן הוּא יוֹתֵר נָכוֹן בְּעֵינַי, כִּי הָיָה מֹשֶׁה מַכְרִיחָם לַעֲשׂוֹתוֹ וְלֹא הָיָה מַנִּיחָם בְּחִיּוּב כָּרֵת. אֲבָל חַג הַמַּצּוֹת שִׁבְעָה וְהַשְׁבָּתַת חָמֵץ לֹא הֻצְרַךְ לוֹמַר שֶׁנָּהֲגוּ בּוֹ, שֶׁהֵן חוֹבַת הַגּוּף הַנּוֹהֶגֶת בְּכָל מָקוֹם, וּכְבָר נֶאֱמַר בָּהֶם ״לְדֹרֹתֵיכֶם חֻקַּת עוֹלָם״ (שמות יב יז).
1IN THE SECOND YEAR AFTER THEIR COMING OUT OF THE LAND OF EGYPT, IN THE FIRST MONTH. From here the Rabbis have deduced the principle:58 64. Pesachim 6b. “There is no [strict] chronological order in the narrative of the Torah” [for the census mentioned at the beginning of this Book of Numbers was on the first day of ‘the second’ month in the second year, and the present chapter about the Passover was in the ‘first month’ of the same year]! Now the reason for this delay [in mentioning the section concerning the Passover] was that since this fourth book [of the Torah] comes to mention the commandments which Israel was given in the wilderness of Sinai for that particular time, He wanted [first] to complete everything related to the Tent of Meeting and its functioning during all the time [that Israel was] in the wilderness. Therefore He mentioned first the [commandments about the four] standards, and the place of the Tent [of Meeting], and the position of its ministers, and the ordinance concerning the divisions [of the Levites] when carrying [the Tabernacle whilst travelling, and] all services of the Tent. Then He mentioned the dedication-offerings of the princes, who brought the wagons in which they would carry it [the Tent] as long as they were to be in the wilderness, and He finished [the account of] their offerings at the dedication of the altar, which began on the first of Nisan or afterwards.59, Notes 131-132, which mention two opinions, to which Ramban alludes here. After all this He returned and mentioned the admonition that He had given them not to forget the commandment of the Passover.Now in the opinion of our Rabbis60 67. [the obligation to bring the Passover-offering] only applied in the wilderness in this [second] year, after the exodus because they did not perform circumcision in the wilderness,61 and the [non-performance of] circumcision of the male children and the servants prevented them [from slaughtering the Passover-offering].62 It is possible that this [specific] command [to bring the Passover] was necessary because at first they were only commanded about making the Passover-offering in future generations after [entering] the Land of Israel, as it is written, And it shall come to pass, when ye be come to the Land which the Eternal will give you, according as He hath promised, that ye shall keep this Service.63, Verse 25. And it is further stated there, And it shall be when the Eternal shall bring thee into the land of the Canaanite, etc., that thou shalt keep this Service in this month.64, 13:5. And now the Holy One, blessed be He, desired and commanded that they should make it [the Passover-offering] in order that the memory of their redemption and of the miracles which were done for them and their fathers should be transmitted from the fathers who saw them to their children, and their children to another generation.65 Thus He had said at first, And it shall come to pass, when ye be come to the Land,63, Verse 25. meaning to say that this commandment [to bring the Passover-offering] does not apply outside the Land in future generations; therefore now He commanded that they should fulfill it in the desert. And in the opinion of our Rabbis60 67. they only brought the Passover-offering in this [second] year [after the exodus], because they begot sons and servants whom they could not circumcise, for the reason that the Rabbis mentioned, that it was dangerous [to observe circumcision], as is explained in Tractate Yebamoth.61However, in the Sifre the Rabbis have said:66 67. “And they brought the Passover-offering in the first month.67 Scripture speaks in a critical manner about Israel, inasmuch as [throughout their forty years in the desert] they brought only this Passover-offering, and likewise He said, Did ye bring unto Me offerings and meal-offerings in the wilderness forty years?”68 The Rabbis arrived at this interpretation [that the verse is rebuking them because they only brought the Passover-offering in the second year after the exodus], on the basis of this verse which states, And they brought the Passover-offering in the first month, on the fourteenth day of the month, at dusk, in the wilderness of Sinai,67 since it is a superfluous verse, for it would have been sufficient to say, and they brought the Passover-offering “according to all that the Eternal commanded Moses.” But Scripture mentioned the [exact] day and [the fact that it was in] the wilderness in order to hint that they only observed it in the wilderness on that day, and this was their “shortcoming” [which is referred to in the text of the Sifre].It is possible that [the reason why it is considered] their shortcoming is because of their sin in the affair of the spies, on account of which they fell into disesteem69, which means literally “banished, isolated, or excommunicated.” and the [cooling] northern wind did not blow upon them, [with the result that on account of the great heat in the desert] they could not circumcise themselves, and therefore they were prohibited to eat any sacred offerings, and they were “rebuked” by [G-d]. Or it may be that this Beraitha [of the Sifre which speaks of the “shortcoming” of Israel, as hinted at in this section] is in agreement with the words of the Sage70 15). who holds that [non-performance of] circumcision of one’s male children or servants does not prevent one from eating the Passover-offering, and therefore the people were permitted to bring the Passover-offering, but they did not trouble themselves to do it, and this is indeed a great “shortcoming.” The first interpretation, however, appears more likely to be correct, for [had they been obliged to bring it] Moses would have forced them to observe it and would not have allowed them [by not bringing it] to incur the penalty of excision. But as for the Festival of Unleavened Bread for seven days, and the removal [over that period] of leavened bread, Scripture did not have to say that they observed it [in the wilderness], since these are commandments that are obligatory on everyone’s person and apply in all places, and it has already been stated [that they are to be observed] throughout your generations by an ordinance forever.71